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Introduction

Practice is an indispensable element of mastery in foreign language learning, as in other subject areas. French Verb Drills is an excellent supplement to basic classroom texts and is particularly valuable as a tool for individualized instruction and practice.

In a clear and concise way this book leads students to an understanding of how French verbs are formed and used. A variety of exercises reinforces the ability to manipulate the language in its written form, and many of the exercises can be easily converted to oral drills, thereby adding another dimension to practice. Students use the verbs in context, and the emphasis is on contemporary, colloquial use of the language.

There are several abbreviations that are used throughout the book. These are as follows:

French Verb Drills is divided into two parts. Part 1 offers concise explanations, charts, and focused examples of all French verb conjugations, tenses, and moods, beginning with the present tense of regular and irregular verbs. Part 2 provides complete reference charts for common irregular verbs and verb groups. There are also an appendix offering students a final review of all the conjugations learned in the book, an answer key for self-correction, and a French—English/English—French index of verbs.

For this latest edition, a helpful complement to this book is provided in the McGraw-Hill Education Language Lab app, available online and as a free mobile app. All verb lists that appear throughout this book are presented in flashcard format, providing a convenient means to memorization. The two verb indices are also included in a handy auto-fill glossary for quick reference. And for additional review, numerous interactive quizzes allow for helpful review on-the-go.

This book and its supporting digital resources should be an invaluable aid for students wishing to advance more quickly in their study of French, as well as for those who need additional understanding and practice for mastering classroom assignments.

Part 1
Regular Verbs

1 • Infinitive

All French verbs have infinitives ending in -er, -ir, or -re. Regular verbs are normally classified into three groups, according to their infinitive ending:

1. parler (to speak)

2. finir (to finish)

3. vendre (to sell)

The stem of the verb is obtained by dropping the infinitive ending -er, -ir, or -re (i.e., leaving the stems parl-, fin-, and vend-).

2 • Present indicative of regular -er verbs

The present tense of regular -er verbs is formed by adding the endings -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, and -ent to the stem of the verb. The subject pronouns (je, tu, il/elle/on, nous, vous, ils/elles) are always used.

In French, the second person singular (you) has two forms: the familiar form, using the pronoun tu, and the polite form, using the pronoun vous.

The -e of je is dropped when the word that follows it begins with a vowel or a silent (mute) h (elision).

Use of tense

The present indicative is used in French as it is in English. However, with depuis, it is also used to express an action which took place in the past and is still going on at present.

The English progressive form (-ing) can be expressed in French with être en train de + the infinitive form of the verb.

Exercise 1

Write the present tense of the following verbs.

Exercise 2

Write the present tense of the following verbs.

Exercise 3

Translate these phrases into French.

1. we speak ___________________________________________________________

2. we are beginning ______________________________________________________

3. I do work ___________________________________________________________

4. she helps ____________________________________________________________

5. you love ____________________________________________________________

6. he is listening ________________________________________________________

7. they (f.) count ________________________________________________________

8. I am falling __________________________________________________________

9. we find _____________________________________________________________

10. we are arriving _______________________________________________________

11. he brings ____________________________________________________________

12. we go up ____________________________________________________________

13. she is wearing ________________________________________________________

14. we play _____________________________________________________________

15. he does study ________________________________________________________

16. we admire ___________________________________________________________

17. she finds ____________________________________________________________

18. I am thinking _________________________________________________________

19. they (m.) ring _________________________________________________________

20. he cries ______________________________________________________________

3 • Present indicative of regular -ir verbs and interrogative forms

-Ir verbs

The present tense of regular -ir verbs is formed by adding the endings -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, and -issent to the stem of the verb.

Note the group of irregular -ir verbs conjugated like sortir (to go out). They include dormir (to sleep), mentir (to lie), partir (to leave), sentir (to feel), and servir (to serve). See Part 2 of this handbook for conjugations and practice exercises for irregular verbs.

Exercise 4

Write the present tense of the following verbs.

Exercise 5

Write the present tense of the following verbs.

Interrogative forms

The French interrogative is formed:

In the inverted form, with the pronouns il and elle, a t is placed (and pronounced) between the verb and the pronoun, surrounded by closed-up hyphens in writing, unless the conjugated verb form already ends in t.

Note that with the subject pronoun je, only the interrogative form with est-ce que is used, except, on occasion, with the verbs être (suis-je? am I?) and avoir (ai-je? do I have?), and a few others (puis-je? may I?).

Exercise 6

Translate the following into French. (Use inversion except for questions whose subject is je).

1. Is he obeying? ________________________________________________________

2. Does she succeed? _____________________________________________________

3. Does he speak French? _________________________________________________

4. Am I helping? _________________________________________________________

5. Do you dance? ________________________________________________________

6. Are you thinking? ______________________________________________________

7. Do I choose? _________________________________________________________

8. Are you listening? ______________________________________________________

9. Is he choosing a house? __________________________________________________

10. Does she wear a hat? ____________________________________________________

4 • Present indicative of regular -re verbs and negative form

-Re forms

The present tense of -re verbs is formed by adding the endings -s, -s, —, -ons, -ez, and -ent to the stem of the verb.

Exercise 7

Write the present tense form of the verb in the person indicated by the pronoun.

1. nous (répondre) ______________________________________________________

2. il (vendre) ___________________________________________________________

3. elles (entendre) _______________________________________________________

4. je (défendre) _________________________________________________________

5. vous (perdre) ________________________________________________________

6. tu (rendre) ___________________________________________________________

7. elle (tendre) __________________________________________________________

8. ils (descendre) ________________________________________________________

9. je (perdre) ___________________________________________________________

10. tu (entendre) __________________________________________________________

Negative form

The negative is formed by placing ne before the verb and pas after it.

The e of ne is dropped before a vowel or silent h.

In the negative interrogative form, the ne is placed before the verb and pas after the pronoun.

This does not apply to the negative est-ce que form of questions. Word order does not change.

Exercise 8

Translate the following into French.

1. they are losing _________________________________________________________

2. we don’t hear __________________________________________________________

3. Don’t you answer? ______________________________________________________

4. I don’t forbid __________________________________________________________

5. Are they waiting? _______________________________________________________

6. Aren’t they waiting? _____________________________________________________

7. I lose ________________________________________________________________

8. she is giving back _______________________________________________________

9. they forbid ____________________________________________________________

10. we aren’t losing _________________________________________________________

5 • The imperative

To form the imperative, use the second person singular (tu) and first person plural (nous) forms of the present indicative, and the second person plural (vous) for both the polite form in the singular, and the familiar and polite plurals. The subject pronoun is not used in the imperative.

Both regular and irregular verbs follow this pattern. (See Part 2 of this handbook for conjugations of irregular verbs.)

Note that in the tu form of the imperative, for verbs ending in -er, an s is added when the verb is followed by the object pronouns -y or -en.

Use of the imperative

The imperative is used, as in English, to express commands, orders, or suggestions.

Exercise 9

Translate the following commands into French.

1. Let’s work! ___________________________________________________________

2. Choose! (polite) _______________________________________________________

3. Obey! (fam. s.) ________________________________________________________

4. Listen! (polite) ________________________________________________________

5. Wait! (polite) _________________________________________________________

6. Let’s think! ___________________________________________________________

7. Let’s study! ___________________________________________________________

8. Come in! (polite) ______________________________________________________

9. Have dinner! (fam. s.) ___________________________________________________

10. Let’s begin! ___________________________________________________________

6 • The present participle

The present participle of all French verbs ends in -ant. To form the present participle of regular verbs, replace the -ons ending of the first person plural (nous) of the present indicative with -ant. Don’t forget the -iss- between the stem and -ant in regular -ir verbs.

Sole exceptions: être (étant), to be (being); avoir (ayant), to have (having); and savoir (sachant), to know (knowing). (See Part 2 of this handbook for irregular verb forms.)

Usage

The present participle, or -ant form, of French verbs, is translated by the English -ing form.

The preposition en (while, on, by, in, when) governs the present participle form of French verbs. The present participle may, however, occur without en.

Note that the present participle is invariable. However, it can be used as an adjective, where it agrees in gender and number with the noun.

Exercise 10

Complete the following sentences by writing the verb in parentheses in the present participle.

1. En _______________ (étudier) les verbes, on arrive à parler français correctement.

2. Il est entré en _______________ (chanter) la Marseillaise.

3. En _______________ (obéir), on apprend à commander.

4. C’est en _______________ (écouter) le professeur que l’on apprend le français.

5. Finissons cet exercice en _______________ (attendre) l’heure du dîner.

6. Il a fait une faute en _______________ (compter) de un à dix.

7. C’est en _______________ (descendre) l’escalier qu’il est tombé.

8. C’est en _______________ (danser) qu’on devient bon danseur.

9. Les bons étudiants aident les autres en leur _______________ (donner) des conseils en français.

10. Il s’est cassé une jambe en _______________ (jouer) au football.

7 • The future

The future tense is formed by adding the endings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, and -ont to the infinitive. Drop the final -e before adding these endings to the infinitive of regular -re verbs.

Certain irregular verbs (aller, avoir, devoir, envoyer, être, faire, pleuvoir, pouvoir, recevoir, savoir, venir, voir, and vouloir) have irregular stems in the future. They are listed with their conjugations in Section 10 and in Part 2 of this handbook.

Usage

The future tense in French expresses future time, as it does in English.

As in English, future time is often expressed in French conversation and familiar writing by the present tense, or by the present tense of the verb aller (to go) preceding another verb in the infinitive.

Exercise 11

Write the future of the verb in the person indicated by the pronoun.

1. je (finir) ____________________________________________________________

2. vous (chanter) _______________________________________________________

3. nous (choisir) ________________________________________________________

4. elle (attendre) ________________________________________________________

5. tu (perdre) __________________________________________________________

6. ils (écouter) _________________________________________________________

7. je (descendre) _______________________________________________________

8. on (répondre) _______________________________________________________

9. tu (réussir) __________________________________________________________

10. elles (guérir) _________________________________________________________

8 • The conditional

The present conditional is formed by adding the endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, and -aient to the infinitive of the verb. Drop the final -e before adding these endings to the infinitive of regular verbs in -re.

The forms of verbs that have irregular stems in the present conditional (aller, avoir, devoir, envoyer, être, faire, pleuvoir, pouvoir, recevoir, savoir, venir, voir, and vouloir) are listed with their conjugations in Section 10 and in Part 2 of this handbook.

Usage

The conditional is used:

Exercise 12

Write the conditional form of the verb for the person indicated by the pronoun.

1. elles (répondre) _____________________________________________________

2. nous (finir) _________________________________________________________

3. on (choisir) ________________________________________________________

4. Pierre (arriver) ______________________________________________________

5. tu (penser) _________________________________________________________

6. vous (aimer) ________________________________________________________

7. je (perdre) _________________________________________________________

8. elles (attendre) ______________________________________________________

9. vous (choisir) _______________________________________________________

10. tu (réussir) __________________________________________________________

Exercise 13

Change the future to the conditional form, and translate into English.

1. nous obéirons _______________________________________________________

2. tu finiras ___________________________________________________________

3. je commencerai ______________________________________________________

4. ils finiront ___________________________________________________________

5. j’aimerai ____________________________________________________________

6. vous déjeunerez ______________________________________________________

7. elle parlera __________________________________________________________

8. j’entendrai ___________________________________________________________

9. elles travailleront ______________________________________________________

10. nous jouerons ________________________________________________________

Exercise 14

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. you will obey ________________________________________________________

2. I would think ________________________________________________________

3. we would listen ______________________________________________________

4. Would you wait? _____________________________________________________

5. I will sell ___________________________________________________________

6. we would play _______________________________________________________

7. I shall answer ________________________________________________________

8. they would admire ____________________________________________________

9. Will you come down? __________________________________________________

10. They would not come down. _____________________________________________

9 • The imperfect past

The imperfect past tense is formed by adding the endings -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, and -aient to the stem of the verb in its first person plural (nous) form. For regular verbs in -ir, insert -iss- between the stem and the ending.

Sole exception: The verb être has an irregular stem in the imperfect (ét-); the endings, however, are regular. (See Section 10 and Part 2 of this handbook for the stems of irregular verbs.)

Usage

The imperfect expresses a continuous, ongoing, or repeated action that took place in the past, or a state, condition, or description in the past.

Exercise 15

Write the imperfect (indicative) of the verb in the person indicated by the pronoun.

1. vous (choisir) _______________________________________________________

2. j’ (entendre) ________________________________________________________

3. on (jouer) __________________________________________________________

4. je (travailler) ________________________________________________________

5. tu (demeurer) _______________________________________________________

6. nous (bâtir) _________________________________________________________

7. ils (accomplir) _______________________________________________________

8. je (remplir) _________________________________________________________

9. tu (perdre) _________________________________________________________

10. vous (descendre) _____________________________________________________

11. nous (vendre) ________________________________________________________

12. elle (dîner) __________________________________________________________

13. tu (écouter) _________________________________________________________

14. je (penser) __________________________________________________________

15. ils (porter) __________________________________________________________

16. il (demander) ________________________________________________________

17. nous (obéir) _________________________________________________________

18. elles (choisir) ________________________________________________________

19. nous (attendre) _______________________________________________________

20. je (descendre) ________________________________________________________

Review

Exercise 16

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. je finis _____________________________________________________________

2. nous parlions ________________________________________________________

3. vous perdrez ________________________________________________________

4. je donnerais _________________________________________________________

5. ils dansaient _________________________________________________________

6. tu entreras __________________________________________________________

7. on vendait __________________________________________________________

8. vous habitiez ________________________________________________________

9. elles étudient ________________________________________________________

10. je bâtissais __________________________________________________________

11. Répondez à la question _________________________________________________

12. Aimez-vous Brahms? __________________________________________________

13. Nous ne travaillons pas _________________________________________________

14. Est-ce que vous chantez? _______________________________________________

15. Chantiez-vous? _______________________________________________________

16. Je suis en train de travailler. ______________________________________________

17. Nous écoutions la radio. ________________________________________________

18. Il joue du piano _______________________________________________________

19. Écoutez-vous? ________________________________________________________

20. Ne réussiraient-elles pas? _______________________________________________

Exercise 17

Write the following verbs in the tense or mood indicated in parentheses.

1. (present) descendre, je __________________________________________________

2. (imperfect indicative) finir, nous __________________________________________

3. (future) attendre, j’ ____________________________________________________

4. (conditional) chanter, je _________________________________________________

5. (present) pleurer, elles __________________________________________________

6. (imperfect indicative) réussir, vous _________________________________________

7. (imperative) parler (nous) _______________________________________________

8. (imperative) écouter (vous) ______________________________________________

9. (present) brûler, il _____________________________________________________

10. (imperfect indicative) trouver, vous ________________________________________

11. (future) compter, tu ____________________________________________________

12. (conditional) ajouter, nous _______________________________________________

13. (future) apporter, ils ____________________________________________________

14. (present) aider, elle ____________________________________________________

15. (imperfect indicative) demander, vous ______________________________________

16. (present) obéir, ils _____________________________________________________

17. (present) répondre, nous ________________________________________________

18. (future) perdre, je _____________________________________________________

19. (conditional) accomplir, on _______________________________________________

20. (imperfect indicative) choisir, je ___________________________________________

10 • Être and avoir (present, future, conditional, imperfect)

idiomatic uses of avoir

avoir — ans (to be — years old)

avoir besoin de (to need)

avoir chaud (to be warm, hot)

avoir de la chance (to be lucky)

avoir envie de (to feel like)

avoir faim (to be hungry)

avoir froid (to be cold)

avoir honte (de) (to be ashamed [of])

avoir la parole (to have the floor [in a meeting])

avoir l’air de (to seem)

avoir l’habitude de (to be accustomed to)

avoir lieu (to take place)

avoir mal (à) (to have a pain, to have a[n] —ache)

avoir peur (de) (to be afraid [of])

avoir raison (to be right)

avoir soif (to be thirsty)

avoir sommeil (to be sleepy)

avoir tort (to be wrong)

il y a (there is, there are)

Exercise 18

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I shall be ___________________________________________________________

2. we are _____________________________________________________________

3. you would be (fam. s.) _________________________________________________

4. you would have (polite) ________________________________________________

5. he used to be ________________________________________________________

6. let’s be ... ! __________________________________________________________

7. they (f.) are __________________________________________________________

8. I used to have ________________________________________________________

9. we have ____________________________________________________________

10. we would have _______________________________________________________

11. one would be ________________________________________________________

12. you will be (polite) ____________________________________________________

13. he will have __________________________________________________________

14. we will be ___________________________________________________________

15. she has _____________________________________________________________

16. be ... ! (fam. s.) _______________________________________________________

17. being ______________________________________________________________

18. we were ____________________________________________________________

19. having ______________________________________________________________

20. you (fam. s.) are ______________________________________________________

21. let’s have . . . ! _______________________________________________________

22. she used to be ________________________________________________________

23. I shall have __________________________________________________________

24. I would be __________________________________________________________

25. have . . . ! (fam. s.) ____________________________________________________

26. I am _______________________________________________________________

27. he is _______________________________________________________________

28. you (polite or pl.) used to live ____________________________________________

29. he will work _________________________________________________________

30. she was speaking _____________________________________________________

31. they (m.) were _______________________________________________________

32. we are having ________________________________________________________

33. I used to be _________________________________________________________

34. I am warm __________________________________________________________

35. He is hungry. ________________________________________________________

36. You are right. (polite) __________________________________________________

37. I am wrong __________________________________________________________

38. Are you sleeping? (polite) _______________________________________________

39. She is eighteen years old ________________________________________________

40. there is _____________________________________________________________

41. to seem _____________________________________________________________

42. I am thirsty. __________________________________________________________

43. She is afraid _________________________________________________________

44. there are ____________________________________________________________

45. We’re cold __________________________________________________________

46. She is not ashamed ____________________________________________________

47. We’re not sleepy. ______________________________________________________

48. Am I wrong? _________________________________________________________

49. Are you right? (fam. s.) _________________________________________________

50. Let’s not be afraid _____________________________________________________

11 • The past participle

The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -é for -er verbs, -i for -ir verbs, and -u for -re verbs to the stem of the verb.

Agreement of the past participle

With verbs that are conjugated in the passé composé with the auxiliary être (see Section 12), the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb.

With verbs that are conjugated in the passé composé with the auxiliary avoir (see Section 12), the past participle agrees with the direct object of the verb, but only when the direct object (noun or pronoun) is placed before the conjugated verb.

In the above example, the past participle does not agree because the direct object follows the verb.

In these examples, the past participle does agree with the direct object because the direct object, noun, or pronoun precedes the verb.

The past participle never shows agreement when the conjugated verb is preceded by the object pronoun en:

12 • The passé composé

The passé composé is formed by combining the present tense of the verbs avoir or être as auxiliaries with the past participle of the verb being conjugated.

Être or avoir?

Most French verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary avoir. However, the following verbs are conjugated with être:

aller

arriver

descendre

devenir

entrer

monter

mourir

naître

partir

retourner

revenir

sortir

tomber

venir

Several verbs conjugated with être have irregular past participles (mourir, naître, venir). See Part 2 of this handbook for past participles of these irregular verbs.

Usage

The passé composé commonly refers to past actions. It is the past tense most used in speaking and everyday language; it is often called the “conversational past.”

The passé composé refers to a completed action or state, or a succession of past events. (It describes the same shade of past time or action, or succession of past events, which the passé simple depicts in literary or formal, written French.) It contrasts with the imperfect, which, you will recall, indicates ongoing, customary, repeated, or habitual action in the past.

But the imperfect is used for past description or ongoing or habitual activities in the past:

Exercise 19

Write the verb in the passé composé with the subject given.

1. (parler) elle _________________________________________________________

2. (monter) je (m.) ______________________________________________________

3. (finir) je ____________________________________________________________

4. (chanter) je _________________________________________________________

5. (obéir) vous _________________________________________________________

6. (arriver) elles ________________________________________________________

7. (étudier) il __________________________________________________________

8. (tomber) elle ________________________________________________________

9. (trouver) je _________________________________________________________

10. (choisir) vous ________________________________________________________

11. (attendre) nous _______________________________________________________

12. (répondre) on ________________________________________________________

13. (entendre) tu _________________________________________________________

14. (descendre) nous (f.) ___________________________________________________

15. (aimer) elle __________________________________________________________

16. (perdre) tu __________________________________________________________

17. (bâtir) il ____________________________________________________________

18. (punir) elle __________________________________________________________

19. (réussir) nous ________________________________________________________

20. (donner) on _________________________________________________________

13 • The passé simple

The passé simple is formed by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb: -ai, -as, -a, âmes, -âtes, and -èrent with -er verbs, and -is, -is, -it, -îmes, -îtes, and -irent with -ir and -re verbs.

Usage

The passé simple is used to depict a completed past action or state. Unlike the imperfect, it carries no idea of ongoing, customary, repeated, or habitual action. It is often called the literary or historical past and will be useful to you for reading purposes. It is not used in conversation or everyday writing.

Note that in conversation or everyday writing, one would use the passé composé to express this thought.

Son grand-père a vendu le terrain en 1930.

Exercise 20

Write the verb in parentheses in the passé simple, using the subject given.

1. on (parler) _________________________________________________________

2. nous (perdre) _______________________________________________________

3. ils (bâtir) ___________________________________________________________

4. elle (aimer) _________________________________________________________

5. vous (descendre) ____________________________________________________

6. ils (répondre) _______________________________________________________

7. nous (attendre) ______________________________________________________

8. vous (choisir) _______________________________________________________

9. j’ (étudier) __________________________________________________________

10. elles (arriver) ________________________________________________________

11. vous (obéir) _________________________________________________________

12. je (chanter) _________________________________________________________

13. vous (finir) __________________________________________________________

14. je (réussir) __________________________________________________________

15. il (étudier) __________________________________________________________

16. nous (parler) ________________________________________________________

17. vous (attendre) ______________________________________________________

18. ils (remplir) _________________________________________________________

19. vous (accomplir) _____________________________________________________

20. ils (dîner) ___________________________________________________________

Exercise 21

Rewrite the following sentences in the formal (literary) style, putting the underlined verbs in the passé simple instead of the passé composé. (This section gives the verb forms for the irregular verbs avoir and être; see Part 2 of this handbook for other irregular verb forms in the passé simple.)

1. La conquête romaine a enlevé _______________ à la Gaule sa liberté politique.

2. Elle lui a donné _______________ en échange la paix et la sécurité.

3. Jeanne d’Arc a sauvé _______________ la France.

4. Richelieu a créé _______________ l’Académie Française.

5. Louis XIV a écrit _______________ son testament dans la tour du Temple, à Paris, le 25 décembre 1792.

6. Pendant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le gouvernement de Vichy a adopté _______________ une politique de collaboration avec les Allemands.

7. Le 18 juin 1940, le général de Gaulle a invité _______________ de Londres, les Français à la résistance.

8. Pascal a inventé _______________ une machine à calculer.

9. Madame Curie a découvert _______________ le radium.

10. Le skieur français a remporté _______________ trois médailles d’or aux jeux Olympiques.

11. La France a perdu _______________ ses colonies d’outre-mer dans les années 50 et 60.

12. François Mitterrand a été _______________ le président de la France de 1981 à 1995.

14 • The present subjunctive

The present subjunctive is formed by adding -e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, and -ent to the stem of the verb. For verbs in -ir, insert -iss- between the stem and the ending.

present subjunctive of regular verbs

The subjunctive endings for all verbs are the same except for être and avoir.

present subjunctive of avoir and être

See Part 2 of this handbook for the stems and present subjunctive forms of the other French verbs that are irregular in the subjunctive.

Use of the subjunctive mood

The indicative mood is so called because it indicates fact or certainty. The subjunctive mood is so called because it is usually found in a subjoined or subordinate clause. The subjunctive is most often used in subordinate clauses introduced by que.

1. It is used in the subordinate clause of sentences expressing emotion, such as joy, sorrow, or fear; wish or command; and uncertainty.

2. The subjunctive is used after impersonal expressions, except those that indicate a certainty or probability.

Note in the above example that there is a double -ii- in the nous and vous present subjunctive forms of étudier and other verbs whose stem ends in -i. (This spelling also occurs in the imperfect indicative.)

3. The subjunctive is also used in the clause following these conjunctions:

afin que (qu’) (in order that)

bien que (qu’) (although)

jusqu’à ce que (qu’) (until)

malgré que (qu’) (in spite of the fact that)

pour que (qu’ (in order that)

pourvu que (qu’) (provided that)

quoique (quoiqu’) (although)

sans que (qu’) (without)

Use of the present subjunctive

The present subjunctive is used to show that the action of the verb in the subordinate clause goes on at the same time as, or later than, the action expressed by the verb in the governing (main) clause.

Furthermore, in most cases, the subject of the subordinate clause must differ from the subject of the governing clause.

Notice that the English equivalents are sometimes worded differently from the French. In English, the infinitive is often used when the subject of the subordinate clause differs from the subject of the governing verb. The word that (que), whose equivalent is required in French, is not always used in English.

Before starting Exercise 22, see Part 2 of this handbook for the conjugations in the present subjunctive of écrire (to write), faire (to do, make), venir (to come) (and its compounds), pouvoir (to be able to), prendre (to take) (and its compounds), voir (to see), etc.

Exercise 22

Write the verb in the present subjunctive using the subject pronoun given.

1. (attendre) Pourvu qu’elle ______________________________________________

2. (monter) Il faut que nous ______________________________________________

3. (aimer) Bien que vous ________________________________________________

4. (dîner) Pourvu qu’ils _________________________________________________

5. (chanter) Pour que tu _________________________________________________

6. (vendre) Il est temps que vous __________________________________________

7. (être) Il est nécessaire qu’elles __________________________________________

8. (choisir) Afin qu’elles _________________________________________________

9. (écouter) Il faut que j’ _________________________________________________

10. (perdre) Bien que tu __________________________________________________

11. (avoir) Il est possible que nous __________________________________________

12. (finir) Il est temps que vous _____________________________________________

13. (répondre) Il faut qu’on ________________________________________________

14. (travailler) Quoique nous _______________________________________________

15. (dîner) Pourvu que je _________________________________________________

16. (avoir) Il est normal que tu ______________________________________________

17. (écrire) Pour qu’ils ____________________________________________________

18. (être) Il n’est pas possible qu’elle _________________________________________

19. (finir) Afin que nous ; __________________________________________________

20. (apprendre) Il faut que vous _____________________________________________

21. (trouver) Pour qu’il ____________________________________________________

22. (bâtir) Il n’est pas nécessaire que je ________________________________________

23. (réussir) Pourvu que vous _______________________________________________

24. (donner) Quoique je ___________________________________________________

25. (avoir) Malgré que nous _________________________________________________

Exercise 23

Locate the subject of the verb, and write the verb in parentheses in the present subjunctive. Then try to get the gist of the entire quote.

1. «Tout ce que je faisais d’inutile en ce lieu m’est alors remonté à la gorge et je n’ai eu qu’une hâte, c’est qu’on en (finir) _______________ et que je retrouve ma cellule avec mon sommeil.» —Albert Camus

2. «Qu’Hélène nous (être) _______________ rendue dans l’heure même. Ou c’est la guerre.» —Jean Giraudoux

3. «Vous m’apportez ce dossier pour que je le (contrôler) _______________.» —Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

4. «Pourvu que le cyanure ne/n’ (être) _______________ pas décomposé, malgré le papier d’argent!» —André Malraux

5. «Que ta vision (être) _______________ à chaque instant nouvelle!» —André Gide

6. «—Vous ne voulez rien accepter des autres?
—Si, puisque j’accepte bien que vous me (faire) _______________ cadeau de votre temps.» —Béatrix Beck

7. «Ce qui me frappe, ce qui me désole, c’est qu’ils (être) _______________ aussi apathiques sans être aveugles, ni inconscients. [...] (ils) ne se sentent responsables de rien, parce qu’ils ne croient pas pouvoir rien faire en ce monde.» —Simone de Beauvoir

8. Sous le pont Mirabeau coule la Seine
Et nos amours
Faut-il qu’il m’en (souvenir) _______________
La joie venait toujours après la peine
(Venir) _______________ la nuit sonne l’heure
Les jours s’en vont je demeure
                                          —Guillaume Apollinaire

9. «Qu’est-ce que vous voulez alors que nous (faire) _______________ de ces meubles, Philippe?» —André Maurois

10. «Mon armée? Ah, poltron! Ah, traître! pour leur mort
Tu crois donc que ce bras ne (être) _______________ pas assez fort.» —Corneille

11. «Il n’est, je le vois bien, si poltron sur la terre
Qui ne (pouvoir) _______________ trouver un plus poltron que soi.» —La Fontaine

12. «Mieux vaut qu’elle ne (être) _______________ point là demain, quand on viendra lever le corps, dit-elle.» —André Gide

15 • The past (or perfect) subjunctive and the pluperfect subjunctive

The past subjunctive

The past subjunctive (or perfect subjunctive), like the passé composé, is a compound tense formed with the present subjunctive of avoir or être + the past participle of the verb.

The past subjunctive is used following the same expressions in the main clause as the present subjunctive. It indicates that the action or situation in the subordinate clause (after que) happened before the action or situation of the main (first or principal) clause.

The pluperfect subjunctive

The pluperfect subjunctive is a compound verb form that shows past time with respect to the verb in the main clause. However, it is never used in conversation or everyday writing, and is seen only infrequently in twentieth and twenty-first century French literature.

For the conjugated forms of the pluperfect subjunctive with the auxiliaries avoir and être, see Sections 25 and 26 of this handbook.

The seventeenth-century dramatist Corneille wrote:

Note that modern French uses the conditional perfect and the pluperfect indicative:

For the conjugation of the pluperfect indicative (j’avais pu), expressing what one had done (the past of the past), and the conditional perfect (il aurait fait), expressing what one would have done (contrary-to-fact), see Sections 25 and 26 of this handbook.

Exercise 24

Write the past (perfect) subjunctive form of each verb, using the subject provided.

Nos amis sont contents...

1. que nous (f.) (venir) ___________________________________________________

2. que le professeur (être absent) ___________________________________________

3. que mon amie (réussir) _________________________________________________

4. que tu (attendre) ______________________________________________________

5. que la tempête (ne pas arriver) ___________________________________________

6. que certains étudiants (donner la réponse) ___________________________________

7. que je/j’ (voyager) _____________________________________________________

8. que l’enfant (m.) (ne pas tomber) __________________________________________

9. que ton oncle (téléphoner) _______________________________________________

10. que nous (vendre la voiture) ______________________________________________

11. que Marie-Laure (partir en vacances) _______________________________________

12. que leurs parents (acheter cette maison) _____________________________________

16 • The imperfect subjunctive

The imperfect subjunctive is formed by dropping the last letter of the first person singular of the passé simple (see Section 13) and adding the endings -sse, -sses, -ât (-ît, -ût), -ssions, -ssiez, -ssent.

Note the circumflex accent in the third person singular (il/elle/on) form. This conjugation pattern has no exceptions.

imperfect subjunctive

See Part 2 of this handbook for the irregular verb conjugations of the imperfect subjunctive.

Use of the imperfect subjunctive

This verb form is seen in very formal writing only. In French literary or historical writing, you may see the following:

French conversation and most present-day written texts use the present subjunctive in this case. Therefore, you would normally say:

Note in the above example the particle ne (without negative value), which is seen in subjunctive constructions after the verbal expressions craindre (que) (to fear [that]) and avoir peur (que) (to fear [that]) and the conjunctions avant que (before) and à moins que (unless).

Exercise 25

Write the present subjunctive form of the verbs given in the imperfect subjunctive below.

1. que je parlasse _______________________________________________________

2. que nous finissions ____________________________________________________

3. qu’il vendît __________________________________________________________

4. que nous tombassions _________________________________________________

5. qu’on entendît _______________________________________________________

6. que tu perdisses _____________________________________________________

7. qu’ils chantassent _____________________________________________________

8. que vous punissiez ____________________________________________________

9. qu’elles dansassent ____________________________________________________

10. que j’ajoutasse _______________________________________________________

11. qu’ils choisissent ______________________________________________________

12. que je répondisse _____________________________________________________

17 • Reflexive verbs

In reflexive verbs (which also include reciprocal verbs in the plural, as well as idiomatic pronominal verbs), the action is considered to be performed by the subject on itself. Hence, the required use of object pronouns (reflexive pronouns) that reflect (i.e., are identical to) the subject of the verb.

se laver (to wash oneself)

Note the following:

1. The e of me, te, se is dropped when the word after it begins with a vowel or a silent (mute) h (elision).

2. Toi is used instead of te in the imperative affirmative of the familiar form.

3. The verb être is used as the auxiliary with reflexive and all other pronominal verbs.

Agreement of the past participle

With reflexive verbs in compound tenses, the past participle agrees in gender and in number with the preceding direct object (and therefore also with the subject of the verb).

The reflexive pronoun is used as a direct object (preceding the verb), except in sentences where a following direct object comes to replace it:

In the two examples above, les cheveux and les dents (following the verbs) are the direct objects of the action; therefore, se (s’) and nous become the indirect objects of the verb and there is no agreement of the past participle.

some common reflexive and pronominal verbs

s’amuser (to enjoy oneself)

s’appeler (to be named)

s’approcher (to approach)

s’arrêter (to stop)

s’asseoir ² (to sit down)

se battre (to fight)

se coucher (to go to bed)

se dépêcher (to hurry)

s’en aller (to go away)

s’endormir (to go to sleep)

s’ennuyer (to get bored)

se fâcher (to get angry)

s’habiller (to get dressed)

se laver (to wash [oneself])

se lever (to get/stand up)

se marier (to get married)

se promener (to take a walk)

se rappeler (to recall/remember)

se reposer (to [take a] rest)

se réveiller (to wake up)

se souvenir de (to remember)

se taire (to be silent/quiet)

se tromper (to make a mistake/be wrong)

se trouver (to be [present]; to find oneself)

Exercise 26

Conjugate the verb se coucher in the present tense.

1. je ______________________

2. tu ______________________

3. il/elle/on _________________

4. nous ____________________

5. vous ____________________

6. ils/elles __________________

Exercise 27

Conjugate the verb s’habiller in the future tense.

1. je ______________________

2. tu ______________________

3. il/elle/on _________________

4. nous ____________________

5. vous ____________________

6. ils/elles __________________

Exercise 28

Conjugate the verb se promener in the imperfect indicative tense.

1. je ______________________

2. tu ______________________

3. il/elle/on _________________

4. nous ____________________

5. vous ____________________

6. ils/elles __________________

Exercise 29

Conjugate the verb s’amuser in the passé composé. Give both the masculine and feminine forms.

1. je ______________________

2. je ______________________

3. tu ______________________

4. tu ______________________

5. il _______________________

6. elle _____________________

7. nous ____________________

8. nous ____________________

9. vous ____________________

10. vous ____________________

11. ils ______________________

12. elles ____________________

Exercise 30

Conjugate the verb se lever in the passé simple.

1. je ______________________

2. tu ______________________

3. il/elle/on _________________

4. nous ____________________

5. vous ____________________

6. ils/elles __________________

Exercise 31

Conjugate the verb se tromper in the present subjunctive.

1. que je ___________________

2. que tu ___________________

3. qu’il/qu’elle/qu’on _________

4. que nous _________________

5. que vous _________________

6. qu’ils/qu’elles _____________

Review

Exercise 32

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. Je fus... _______________________________________________

2. Nous parlions. __________________________________________

3. Il faut que... ____________________________________________

4. Vous dîniez. ____________________________________________

5. Ils ont invité... __________________________________________

6. Elles aimeraient... ________________________________________

7. Nous sommes entrés. _____________________________________

8. Pour que vous soyez... ____________________________________

9. Nous parlâmes. _________________________________________

10. Elles ont obéi. ___________________________________________

11. Vous êtes descendus. _____________________________________

12. Ils répondirent. __________________________________________

13. Je remplissais... __________________________________________

14. Il pleuvait. ______________________________________________

15. Elles arriveraient. _________________________________________

16. Nous avons faim. _________________________________________

17. Il est en train de dîner. _____________________________________

18. J’aurais honte. ___________________________________________

19. Ils s’amusèrent. __________________________________________

20. Nous nous sommes dépêchés. _______________________________

21. Aidez-moi! _____________________________________________

22. Ils sont tombés. __________________________________________

23. Vous vous arrêterez. ______________________________________

24. Reposez-vous! ___________________________________________

25. Afin que nous parlions... ____________________________________

26. Il eut... _________________________________________________

27. Réveille-toi! _____________________________________________

28. Nous partions. ___________________________________________

29. On vend... ______________________________________________

30. Nous n’attendrons pas. _____________________________________

31. Je choisis... ______________________________________________

32. Il perdit. ________________________________________________

33. Je vendis... ______________________________________________

34. Ils auraient... ____________________________________________

35. Nous donnons... __________________________________________

36. Il s’habillera. _____________________________________________

37. Nous nous lavions. ________________________________________

38. Ils perdirent. _____________________________________________

39. Il y avait... _______________________________________________

40. Elles arrivent... ____________________________________________

41. Elles ont aimé... ___________________________________________

42. On vendra... _____________________________________________

43. Nous nous promenions. ____________________________________

44. Ils se marieront. ___________________________________________

45. Donnez-moi... ! ___________________________________________

46. Partons! _________________________________________________

47. En descendant... ___________________________________________

48. Afin qu’il soit... ____________________________________________

49. Vous restiez... _____________________________________________

50. Ils ont fini. ________________________________________________

Exercise 33

Translate the underlined words and phrases into English, and try to get the gist of the rest of the quotation.

1. «Est-ce un si grand mal d’être entendu quand on parle, et de parler comme tout le monde?» —La Bruyère
____________________________________________________________________

2. «Comptons comme un pur néant tout ce qui finit.» —Bossuet
____________________________________________________________________

3. «Il ne faut pas vendre la peau de l’ours avant qu’on l’ait pris.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

4. «Aide-toi, et le ciel t’aidera.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

5. «La cigale ayant chanté tout l’été se trouva fort dépourvue quand la bise fut venue.» —La Fontaine
____________________________________________________________________

6. «Il n’est pas donné à l’homme de porter plus loin la vertu que Saint Louis.» —Voltaire
____________________________________________________________________

7. «Il coûte si peu aux grands à ne donner que des paroles.» —La Bruyère
____________________________________________________________________

8. «Combien tout ce que l’on dit est loin de ce qu’on pense.» —Racine
____________________________________________________________________

9. «Alexandre pleura de n’avoir point d’Homère.» —Delille
____________________________________________________________________

10. «Sortant d’un embarras pour entrer dans un autre.» —Molière
____________________________________________________________________

11. «Tout vous a réussi.»—Racine
____________________________________________________________________

12. «Un peuple libre obéit, mais il ne sert pas; il a des chefs et non des maîtres.» —Jean-Jacques Rousseau
____________________________________________________________________

13. «Ne forçons point notre talent.» —La Fontaine
____________________________________________________________________

14. «Et le cri de son peuple est monté jusqu’à lui.» —Racine
____________________________________________________________________

15. «Levez-vous vite orages désirés, qui devez emporter René dans les espaces enchantés.» —Chateaubriand
____________________________________________________________________

16. «J’ai tendu des cordes de clocher à clocher; des guirlandes de fenêtre à fenêtre; des chaînes d’or d’étoile à étoile, et je danse.» —Rimbaud
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

17. «On lui avait demandé s’il dansait bien, et il avait répondu avec confiance, qui donna envie de trouver qu’il dansait mal.» —Saint-Simon
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

18. «Il y a folie à tout âge.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

19. «Mais il arriva que le petit prince, ayant longtemps marché à travers les sables, les rocs et les neiges, découvrit enfin une route. Et les routes vont toujours chez les hommes.» —Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

20. «Il se passa toute une année avant que je consentisse à revoir Gaston. [...] Puisque je ne voulais pas de lui, il fallait qu’il m’eût.» —Elsa Triolet
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

18 • -Cer verbs that change -c- into -ç-

Verbs ending in -cer change -c- to -ç- before -a- or -o- in the ending to retain the soft s sound. Note that this change only occurs in tenses that have forms with -a- or -o- at the beginning of verb endings.

other verbs like commencer

annoncer (to announce)

avancer (to advance)

forcer (to force)

lancer (to throw, to launch)

menacer (to threaten)

percer (to pierce)

placer (to place)

prononcer (to pronounce)

recommencer (to begin again)

remplacer (to replace)

renoncer (to renounce, give up)

19 • -Ger verbs that add a mute -e-

Verbs ending in -ger add a mute -e- before an -a- or an -o-, to retain the soft g sound. Note that this change only occurs in tenses that have forms with -a- or -o- at the beginning of verb endings.

other verbs like changer

arranger (to arrange)

bouger (to move)

corriger (to correct)

diriger (to direct)

échanger (to exchange)

forger (to forge)

interroger (to interrogate)

juger (to judge)

loger (to live [somewhere])

manger (to eat)

nager (to swim)

neiger (to snow)

partager (to share)

ranger (to put away)

songer (to dream, to think of)

voyager (to travel)

20 • Verbs with a mute -e- that changes into -è-

Verbs with a mute -e- in the syllable before the infinitive ending change the mute -e- to -è- in forms where the syllable following contains a mute -e-.

other verbs like acheter

achever (to finish)

amener (to bring)

élever (to erect; to raise)

emmener (to lead away)

enlever (to remove, to take off)

geler (to freeze)

lever (to raise, to lift)

mener (to lead)

peser (to weigh)

se promener (to take a walk)

se soulever (to raise [oneself] up)

21 • Verbs with an -é- that changes into -è-

Verbs with an -é- in the last syllable before the infinitive ending change the -é- to -è- when that syllable is stressed. Note that these verbs retain the -é- in the future and conditional.

other verbs like espérer

céder (to yield, give in)

célébrer (to celebrate)

compléter (to complete)

considérer (to consider)

exagérer (to exaggerate)

inquiéter (to worry)

posséder (to possess)

préférer (to prefer)

répéter (to repeat)

sécher (to dry)

suggérer (to suggest)

22 • Verbs ending in -yer that change -y- into -i-

Verbs ending in -yer change -y- into -i- before -e.

other verbs like envoyer and ennuyer

aboyer (to bark)

appuyer (to lean; to bear, support)

employer (to use)

essayer (to try)

essuyer (to wipe)

nettoyer (to clean)

payer (to pay)

23 • Verbs ending in -eler or -eter that double the consonant

Verbs ending in -eler or -eter double the consonant when the next syllable contains a mute e.

other verbs like appeler and jeter

épeler (to spell)

projeter (to project; to plan)

rappeler (to recall, remember)

renouveler (to renew, renovate)

Exercise 34

Give the present indicative form of the verbs in parentheses, using the subject given.

1. nous (placer) ___________________________________________

2. je (geler) ______________________________________________

3. il (acheter) _____________________________________________

4. vous (préférer) __________________________________________

5. tu (céder) ______________________________________________

6. vous (envoyer) __________________________________________

7. il (aboyer) _____________________________________________

8. elles (nettoyer) __________________________________________

9. nous (épeler) ___________________________________________

10. elle (rappeler) ___________________________________________

11. je (céder) ______________________________________________

12. nous (célébrer) __________________________________________

13. ils (répéter) _____________________________________________

14. vous (mener) ___________________________________________

15. tu (achever) ____________________________________________

16. nous (nager) ____________________________________________

17. vous (voyager) __________________________________________

18. nous (échanger) __________________________________________

19. elle (suggérer) ___________________________________________

20. je (bouger) _____________________________________________

Exercise 35

Give the past imperfect (indicative) form of the verbs in parentheses, using the subjects given.

1. je (partager) ___________________________________________

2. nous (voyager) _________________________________________

3. elles (prononcer) ________________________________________

4. tu (avancer) ____________________________________________

5. on (appeler) ____________________________________________

6. vous (commencer) _______________________________________

7. tu (annoncer) ___________________________________________

8. vous (bouger) __________________________________________

9. ils (diriger) _____________________________________________

10. il (élever) ______________________________________________

11. elles (appeler) __________________________________________

12. vous (suggérer) _________________________________________

13. nous (amener) __________________________________________

14. vous (interroger) ________________________________________

15. ils (loger) _____________________________________________

16. nous (songer) ___________________________________________

17. tu (manger) ____________________________________________

18. il (neiger) _____________________________________________

19. je/j’ (arranger) __________________________________________

20. elle (voyager) ___________________________________________

Exercise 36

Write the following verbs in the tense or mood indicated in parentheses.

1. (present) commencer, je/j’ _________________________________

2. (future) acheter, on ______________________________________

3. (past imperfect [indicative]) corriger, elle ______________________

4. (passé simple) juger, je/j’ __________________________________

5. (future) menacer, il ______________________________________

6. (past imperfect [indicative]) interroger, vous ____________________

7. (passé simple) songer, nous ________________________________

8. (present) posséder, on ____________________________________

9. (present) ennuyer, je/j’ ____________________________________

10. (present) jeter, tu ________________________________________

11. (future) renouveler, nous ___________________________________

12. (past imperfect [indicative]) interroger, elles ____________________

13. (passé simple) voyager, nous _______________________________

14. (future) céder, je/j’ _______________________________________

15. (past imperfect [indicative]) projeter, nous _____________________

16. (present) envoyer, nous ___________________________________

17. (present) appuyer, il ______________________________________

18. (past imperfect [indicative]) appeler, elle _______________________

19. (passé simple) neiger, il ____________________________________

20. (past imperfect [indicative]) avancer, ils ________________________

24 • Être and avoir (all tenses)

Exercise 37

Conjugate the verb être in the passé simple.

1. je/j’ _____________________

2. tu ______________________

3. il/elle/on _________________

4. nous ____________________

5. vous ____________________

6. ils/elles __________________

Exercise 38

Conjugate the verb avoir in the passé simple.

1. je/j’ _____________________

2. tu ______________________

3. il/elle/on _________________

4. nous ____________________

5. vous ____________________

6. ils/elles __________________

Exercise 39

Conjugate the verb être in the present subjunctive.

1. que je/j’ _____________________

2. que tu ______________________

3. qu’il/elle/on __________________

4. que nous ____________________

5. que vous ____________________

6. qu’ils/elles ___________________

Exercise 40

Conjugate the verb avoir in the present subjunctive.

1. que je/j’ _____________________

2. que tu ______________________

3. qu’il/elle/on __________________

4. que nous ____________________

5. que vous ____________________

6. qu’ils/elles ___________________

Exercise 41

Translate the following phrases into French.

1. I was ________________________________________________

2. I had ________________________________________________

3. you have been _________________________________________

4. he has had ____________________________________________

5. we have been __________________________________________

6. she used to have ________________________________________

7. I shall be ______________________________________________

8. you will have ___________________________________________

9. I would have ___________________________________________

10. let us be ______________________________________________

11. they were having ________________________________________

12. being _________________________________________________

13. that I may be ___________________________________________

14. that you may have _______________________________________

15. that you might be ________________________________________

16. they will be ____________________________________________

17. that we might have _______________________________________

18. she used to be __________________________________________

19. he had ________________________________________________

20. we have had ____________________________________________

25 • Compound tenses with avoir

Compound tenses are formed, as in English, by combining various tenses of the auxiliary verbs avoir and être with the past participle; the passé composé (see Section 12) is one such compound tense, formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verbs.

26 • Compound tenses with être

Remember that the past participle usually agrees in gender and number with the subject of verbs conjugated with être.

Exercise 42

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. j’avais admiré __________________________________________

2. il aurait aimé ___________________________________________

3. elle a étudié ____________________________________________

4. j’aurais fini _____________________________________________

5. nous avons joué _________________________________________

6. nous avons perdu ________________________________________

7. tu auras trouvé __________________________________________

8. on eut donné ___________________________________________

9. elle eût donné ___________________________________________

10. nous eussions espéré _____________________________________

11. vous seriez arrivé _________________________________________

12. je suis allée _____________________________________________

13. j’étais arrivé _____________________________________________

14. j’ai été _________________________________________________

15. tu avais attendu __________________________________________

16. Elles s’étaient trompées. ____________________________________

17. ils auraient déclaré ________________________________________

18. Ils s’étaient arrêtés. ________________________________________

19. Il faut que vous étudiiez. ____________________________________

20. Nous nous sommes dépêchés. _______________________________

Exercise 43

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. You would have gone down. _______________________________

2. He will sell. ____________________________________________

3. we might have bought. ____________________________________

4. We had slept. __________________________________________

5. One would have heard. ___________________________________

6. you had hoped. _________________________________________

7. She had arrived. ________________________________________

8. I was coming down. _____________________________________

9. he had said. ___________________________________________

10. We would have studied. ___________________________________

11. I have had. _____________________________________________

12. we have been. __________________________________________

13. You will have finished. ____________________________________

14. They (f.) would have gotten up. _____________________________

15. I will have waited. _______________________________________

16. he would have arrived. ____________________________________

17. I (m.) had arrived. _______________________________________

18. You (fam.) had waited. ____________________________________

19. You (polite) would have waited. _____________________________

20. She said that he might have spoken. __________________________

27 • Passive voice

In the active voice, the subject of the verb performs the action, while in the passive voice, it receives the action.

The passive voice is formed by combining the past participle of a verb with a conjugated form of the verb être. It is used in all the verb tenses. Note that in the passive voice the past participle behaves like an adjective, that is, it agrees in gender and number with the subject of être.

French has several equivalents of the passive voice that do not involve être + past participle. They include active verb forms with the subject on (people, we, they, one), third person verb forms with the reflexive pronoun se, and other active voice constructions.

Exercise 44

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. On a corrigé les erreurs.
____________________________________________________________________

2. La fenêtre est ouverte.
____________________________________________________________________

3. Il a été dit beaucoup de choses.
____________________________________________________________________

4. Ce livre se vend dans toutes les librairies.
____________________________________________________________________

5. En France, on va au bureau de poste pour payer ses factures.
____________________________________________________________________

6. Le sénateur est accompagné de sa femme.
____________________________________________________________________

7. La maison sera construite cette année.
____________________________________________________________________

8. On a signé un armistice.
____________________________________________________________________

9. On a terminé la guerre.
____________________________________________________________________

10. Cela a été décidé hier.
____________________________________________________________________

1. Note that the first and second person plural forms of the present subjunctive have the same spelling as those of the imperfect indicative. Context will help with meaning.

2. See Part 2 and the verb indexes at the back of the book for the conjugation of irregular verbs such as s’asseoir, battre, s’en aller, s’endormir, se souvenir de, and se taire and for listings of other reflexive verbs.

Part 2
Irregular Verbs

28 • Vouloir, pouvoir, savoir

There are two forms of the first person singular of pouvoir: je peux and je puis.

The present tense of pouvoir is often translated as I can.

Exercise 45

Complete each sentence with the present tense of the verb in parentheses.

1. (pouvoir) Vous _______________ entrer.

2. (vouloir) _______________ -vous du sucre?

3. (pouvoir) _______________ -je entrer?

4. (savoir) Je/J’ _______________ ma leçon.

5. (savoir) Ils ne _______________ pas danser.

6. (vouloir) Je/J’ _______________ de l’eau.

7. (pouvoir) Il _______________ écrire au président.

8. (savoir) File le _______________.

9. (pouvoir) Nous _______________ nous reposer demain.

10. (savoir) Tu _______________ jouer au tennis.

11. (vouloir) Elles _______________ aller an cinéma.

Exercise 46

Translate the following phrases into French.

1. I want __________________________________________

2. I can ___________________________________________

3. he knew ________________________________________

4. we used to know __________________________________

5. I have been able ___________________________________

6. we could ________________________________________

7. she would like to __________________________________

8. I shall know ______________________________________

9. we have known ____________________________________

10. he was able _______________________________________

Exercise 47

Translate the following phrases into English.

1. je veux ________________________________________

2. elle pouvait _____________________________________

3. nous saurons ____________________________________

4. il put __________________________________________

5. qu’elle sût ______________________________________

6. nous voulions ___________________________________

7. on saurait ______________________________________

8. nous sûmes _____________________________________

9. elles ont pu _____________________________________

10. vous voulûtes ____________________________________

11. puis-je? ________________________________________

12. je sais _________________________________________

13. sache! _________________________________________

14. ils peuvent ______________________________________

15. nous voudrions ___________________________________

16. qu’elle veuille ___________________________________

17. que nous puissions ________________________________

18. que vous sussiez __________________________________

19. tu as su _________________________________________

20. pouvant _________________________________________

29 • Dormir, prendre, ouvrir

verbs conjugated like dormir

s’endormir (to fall asleep)

mentir (to lie)

partir (to go away)

sentir (to feel; to smell)

servir (to serve)

sortir (to go out [conjugated with être])

verbs conjugated like prendre

apprendre (to learn)

comprendre (to understand)

reprendre (to take back; to continue)

surprendre (to surprise)

verbs conjugated like ouvrir

couvrir (to cover)

découvrir (to discover)

offrir (to offer)

recouvrir (to cover [again])

souffrir (to suffer)

Exercise 48

Write the following verbs in the tense and person indicated.

1. present indicative

2. imperfect indicative

3. future

4. passé simple

5. present subjunctive

6. past participle

7. imperfect subjunctive

Exercise 49

Translate the following phrases into English.

1. je partis ________________________________________

2. nous comprenions ________________________________

3. vous sentirez ____________________________________

4. elle a pris ______________________________________

5. il ouvrira _______________________________________

6. j’ai découvert ____________________________________

7. elle offrirait _____________________________________

8. que nous nous comprenions _________________________

9. que vous dormiez _________________________________

10. tu reprends ______________________________________

11. je dors _________________________________________

12. qu’il dormît _____________________________________

13. ouvrez! ________________________________________

14. elle surprenait ___________________________________

15. je surpris _______________________________________

16. il a compris _____________________________________

17. nous sommes sortis _______________________________

18. elle est partie ____________________________________

19. on partit ________________________________________

20. nous offririons ___________________________________

Exercise 50

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I am leaving. _____________________________________

2. He is sleeping. ___________________________________

3. we took ________________________________________

4. she has taken ____________________________________

5. They will understand. ______________________________

6. They do understand. _______________________________

7. he was serving ___________________________________

8. that one may feel _________________________________

9. that we might go out _______________________________

10. I shall offer _____________________________________

11. I do offer _______________________________________

12. I am taking ______________________________________

13. she took ________________________________________

14. We left. _________________________________________

15. You have gone out. ________________________________

16. She has slept. ____________________________________

17. we feel _________________________________________

18. Go out! _________________________________________

19. Let’s leave! ______________________________________

20. he opened _______________________________________

30 • Aller*², venir*, voir

idiomatic expressions with the verb aller

Comment allez-vous? (How are you?)

Je vais bien. (I am fine.)

Il va travailler. (He is going to work.)

Cette robe lui va bien. (This dress suits her well [fits her].)

Tu t’en vas déjà? (s’en aller) (You’re leaving already?)

verbs conjugated like venir

appartenir (to belong)

convenir (to suit)

devenir* (to become)

provenir* de (to result from)

revenir* (to come back)

se souvenir* de (to remember)

verbs conjugated like voir

apercevoir (to catch sight of, notice)

prévoir (to predict)

revoir (to see [again])

Exercise 51

Write the following verbs in the tense and person indicated.

1. present indicative

(aller) je/j’ ______________________

(venir) il ________________________

(voir) nous ______________________

(aller) vous ______________________

(revenir) je/j’ ____________________

2. past imperfect (indicative)

(venir) je/j’ ______________________

(aller) tu ________________________

(voir) nous ______________________

(apercevoir) je/j’ _________________

(devenir) vous ___________________

3. future

(revoir) tu ______________________

(venir) elle _____________________

(aller) je/j’ _____________________

(voir) nous _____________________

(revenir) ils _____________________

4. passé composé

(voir) je/j’ ______________________

(aller) nous _____________________

(venir) elles _____________________

(revoir) nous ____________________

(aller) tu _______________________

5. passé simple

(aller) il _______________________

(voir) je/j’ _____________________

(revoir) nous ___________________

(venir) je/f _____________________

(devenir) elles __________________

6. present subjunctive

(voir) que je/f ___________________

(aller) qu’il _____________________

(venir) que nous __________________

(devenir) qu’elles _________________

(revoir) que vous __________________

Exercise 52

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. il vit ___________________________________________

2. je vois _________________________________________

3. elle allait _______________________________________

4. nous venons _____________________________________

5. je verrai ________________________________________

6. on alla _________________________________________

7. nous avons vu ____________________________________

8. nous sommes venus _______________________________

9. je suis devenue ___________________________________

10. Allons enfants de la patrie! __________________________

11. Elle vient d’entrer. ________________________________

12. Il va venir. ______________________________________

13. Venez voir. ______________________________________

14. Nous allons bien. _________________________________

15. Ce chapeau vous va bien. ____________________________

16. Revenez nous voir. ________________________________

17. Voyons! ________________________________________

18. Nous irons au bois. ________________________________

19. Il veut s’en aller à midi. _____________________________

20. Elle reviendra à Pâques. _____________________________

Exercise 53

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I saw __________________________________________

2. He went to school. ________________________________

3. We’re going to learn French. _________________________

4. How is she? _____________________________________

5. Go see her! _____________________________________

6. we have seen ____________________________________

7. I shall return. ____________________________________

8. We used to go to France. ___________________________

9. He will come back soon. ___________________________

10. What has become of her? ___________________________

11. Everything’s going well. ____________________________

12. we were seeing __________________________________

13. she has seen ____________________________________

14. Come here! _____________________________________

15. I’m coming. _____________________________________

16. He came to class. _________________________________

17. You (fam.) will come back. __________________________

18. I see. __________________________________________

19. The red coat suits her well. __________________________

20. It goes well with her hat. ____________________________

Exercise 54

Give the English equivalent of the underlined French words. Then, try to get the gist of the entire quote.

1. «Je suis venu, calme orphelin,
Riche de mes seuls yeux tranquilles,
Vers les hommes des grandes villes;
Ils ne m’ont pas trouvé malin.» —Verlaine
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

2. «Vous verrez dans une seule vie toutes les extrémités des choses humaines.» —Bossuet
____________________________________________________________________

3. «Mais mon regard, peu à peu, devenait savant et apprenait à distinguer les moindres clartés.
Et bientôt, très loin derrière les transparences, je vis le feu lui-même. Et je ne vis plus que le feu.» —Nora Mitrani
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

4. «Tout le monde ne sait pas voir.» —Fontenelle
____________________________________________________________________

5. «La plus grande ville que le soleil eût jamais vue.» —Bossuet
____________________________________________________________________

6. «Les grandes pensées viennent du cœur.» —Vauvenargues
____________________________________________________________________

7. «Il te vient un vrai coup sur la tête lorsque tu t’aperçois que tout cela, finalement, était une entreprise de pouvoir.» —Dominique Desanti
____________________________________________________________________

8. «Je crains que ce groupe ne vienne pas assez sur le devant.» —Didier
____________________________________________________________________

9. «Du haut de ce balcon votre malheureux frère vint tomber tout sanglant.» —Delille
____________________________________________________________________

10. «Va, je ne te hais pas.» —Corneille
____________________________________________________________________

11. «Tout ce que je fais me vient naturellement, c’est sans étude.» —Molière
____________________________________________________________________

12. «Quiconque a beaucoup vu
Peut avoir beaucoup retenu.» —La Fontaine
____________________________________________________________________

13. «Voir au milieu de la nuit, dans le plus beau lieu du monde, une personne qu’il adorait, la voir sans qu’elle sût qu’il la voyait, et la voir tout occupée de choses qui avaient du rapport à lui... » —Mme de La Fayette
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

31 • Faire, mettre, connaître

verb conjugated like faire

satisfaire (to satisfy)

verbs conjugated like mettre

commettre (to commit)

se mettre à (to begin, start)

permettre (to allow)

promettre (to promise)

remettre (to put back; to postpone)

verbs conjugated like connaître

apparaître (to appear)

disparaître (to disappear)

paraître (to seem)

reconnaître (to recognize)

Idiomatic uses of faire

The verb faire is used very frequently in French. It expresses many types of actions, including the pursuit of academic disciplines, sports, arts and hobbies, housekeeping activities, transference of emotions, and descriptions of the weather. The following list of idioms with faire is in alphabetical order according to the identifying word:

faire attention (à) (to pay attention [to], to mind)

il fait beau (it’s good weather [out])

se faire beau (belle) (to dress up, get dressed up)

faire de la bicyclette (du cyclisme) (to go bike riding)

faire du bien (à) (to do [some] good [for])

faire les cartes (to read the [fortune-telling] cards)

faire du cent à l’heure (to go a hundred kilometers an hour)

faire la chambre (to clean/make up the room)

il fait chaud (it’s hot [out])

faire ses chaussures (to polish one’s shoes)

chemin faisant (on the road, on the way)

faire la cour (à) (to court)

faire une course (des courses) (to do an errand [errands])

faire de la couture (to sew)

faire la cuisine (to cook)

faire son droit (to study law)

faire de l’exercice (to exercise)

Vous êtes fait(e)! (You’ve had it!)

il fait frais (it’s cool [out])

il fait froid (it’s cold [out])

il fait jour (it’s daylight)

faire la lessive (to do the laundry)

faire le lit (to make the bed)

faire mal (à) (to hurt [someone])

faire du mal (à) (to harm)

faire une malle (les valises) (to pack a trunk [one’s bags])

faire le marché (to do the shopping)

il fait mauvais (it’s bad weather [out])

faire le ménage (to clean house)

faire le mort (to play dead)

faire de la musique (to do, make music)

il fait noir (it’s dark, nighttime)

faire partie de (to belong to)

faire une partie de tennis (to play a game of tennis)

faire de la peine (à) (to hurt [someone’s] feelings)

faire de la peinture (to paint [fine art])

faire peur (à) (to frighten [someone])

faire de la photographie (to do photography)

faire des pieds et des mains (to move heaven and earth)

faire plaisir (à) (to please [someone])

faire la pluie et le beau temps (to get one’s way)

faire de la poésie (to do, write poetry)

faire une promenade (to take a walk, go on an outing)

ne pas s’en faire (not to worry)

faire du ski (to ski, go skiing)

il se fait tard (it’s getting late)

faire la vaisselle (to do the dishes)

faire de la vitesse (to speed [while driving])

Exercise 55

Write the verb in parentheses in the tense and person indicated.

1. present indicative

(faire) je/j’ ______________________________________

(faire) elles _____________________________________

(mettre) je/j’ ____________________________________

(permettre) nous _________________________________

(connaître) tu ____________________________________

2. future

(paraître) il ______________________________________

(promettre) je/j’ __________________________________

(faire) nous ______________________________________

(remettre) tu _____________________________________

(paraître) elles ____________________________________

3. past participle

(faire) __________________________________________

(connaître) ______________________________________

(mettre) ________________________________________

4. present participle

(faire) _________________________________________

(connaître) ______________________________________

5. passé simple

(mettre) elle _____________________________________

(permettre) nous __________________________________

(faire) vous ______________________________________

(paraître) ils _____________________________________

(reconnaître) je/j’ _________________________________

6. present subjunctive

(faire) que je ____________________________________

(mettre) que nous _________________________________

(paraître) qu’ils ___________________________________

(apparaître) que vous _______________________________

(disparaître) que je/j’ _______________________________

Exercise 56

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. nous faisions _____________________________________

2. tu fis ___________________________________________

3. qu’il fasse _______________________________________

4. nous mettons _____________________________________

5. on a mis _________________________________________

6. vous commettiez __________________________________

7. nous promettons __________________________________

8. que vous disparaissiez ______________________________

9. je connus ________________________________________

10. elle connut _______________________________________

11. Faites le marché! ___________________________________

12. Il fera beau demain. _________________________________

13. Ils ont fait une partie de tennis. ________________________

14. Savez-vous faire la cuisine? ___________________________

15. Elles font du basket-ball. _____________________________

16. Nous allons faire une promenade. ______________________

17. Cela vous fait plaisir. ________________________________

18. Il se faisait tard. ____________________________________

19. Ne vous en faites pas. ________________________________

20. Que ferez-vous demain? ______________________________

Exercise 57

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I knew __________________________________________

2. they promised ____________________________________

3. we are appearing __________________________________

4. he has allowed ____________________________________

5. I will not allow ____________________________________

6. we are committing _________________________________

7. she is promising ___________________________________

8. I shall recognize ___________________________________

9. let us allow! ______________________________________

10. He’ll do the cooking. ________________________________

11. She used to be in photography. _________________________

12. You were speeding. _________________________________

13. She scares me. ___________________________________

14. We studied law. ___________________________________

15. They took a walk. __________________________________

16. We packed our trunks. _______________________________

17. He dressed up for the occasion. ________________________

18. You’ve had it! _____________________________________

19. Do you want to study music? __________________________

20. Tomorrow, the weather will be bad. _____________________

32 • Impersonal verbs (falloir, pleuvoir, neiger)

Some verbs are used only in the third person masculine singular (il). These are called impersonal verbs.

some common uses of impersonal expressions

il y a (there is, there are)

il y avait une fois (once upon a time)

Il fait beau. (The weather is fine [It’s a beautiful day].)

Il fait froid. (It’s cold [out].)

il convient de dire... (it is fitting to say ... )

Il est une heure. (It’s one o’clock.)

Il faut que je m’en aille.³ (I must [it is necessary that I] leave.)

Il paraît qu’elle parle français. (It seems that she speaks French.)

Il reste du champagne. (There is some champagne left.)

Exercise 58

Write the verb falloir in the forms indicated.

1. (present indicative) il __________________________

2. (passé simple) il ______________________________

3. (present subjunctive) qu’il _______________________

4. (future) il ___________________________________

5. (past participle) _______________________________

Exercise 59

Write the verb pleuvoir in the forms indicated.

1. (passé simple) il __________________________

2. (passé composé) il ________________________

3. (future) il _______________________________

4. (imperfect subjunctive) qu’il _________________

5. (conditional) il ___________________________

Exercise 60

Translate the underlined words into English.

1. «Il pleure dans mon cœur _________________________________

2. Comme il pleut sur la ville. ________________________________

Quelle est cette langueur

Qui pénètre mon cœur?» —Verlaine

33 • Battre, boire, conduire

verb conjugated like battre

combattre (to combat, fight)

verbs conjugated like conduire

construire (to build, construct)

produire (to produce)

réduire (to reduce)

reproduire (to reproduce)

traduire (to translate)

Exercise 61

Write the verb battre in the forms indicated.

1. (present indicative) je/j’ ______________________________

2. (past participle) ____________________________________

3. (future) il _________________________________________

4. (present subjunctive) que nous _________________________

5. (passé composé) vous ________________________________

Exercise 62

Write the verb boire in the forms indicated.

1. (passé simple) je/j’ _________________________________

2. (passé composé) je/j’ _______________________________

3. (conditional) vous __________________________________

4. (imperative [tu]) ___________________________________

5. (imperative [nous]) _________________________________

Exercise 63

Write the verb conduire in the forms indicated.

1. (imperfect indicative) nous ____________________________

2. (present subjunctive) que vous __________________________

3. (present participle) __________________________________

4. (imperfect subjunctive) qu’on __________________________

34 • Courir, craindre, croire

verbs conjugated like craindre

éteindre (to extinguish; to turn out [lights, etc.])

peindre (to paint)

plaindre (to pity)

se plaindre (to complain)

Exercise 64

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I ran. _____________________________________________

2. we feared _________________________________________

3. I believed _________________________________________

4. I used to believe ____________________________________

5. Is she running? _____________________________________

6. they would believe __________________________________

7. I will fear _________________________________________

8. they did fear _______________________________________

9. you believe ________________________________________

10. Let’s run! _________________________________________

Exercise 65

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. Il courut. _________________________________________

2. qu’elle craigne _____________________________________

3. nous croyions ______________________________________

4. elle crut __________________________________________

5. Il courra. __________________________________________

6. Elles coururent. _____________________________________

7. Courez! ___________________________________________

8. tu croiras __________________________________________

9. Que craignez-vous? __________________________________

10. Je crains que vous couriez trop. _________________________

35 • Devoir, dire, écrire

Exercise 66

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. J’écrirai au président (à la présidente).
____________________________________________________________________

2. Il faut que je lui écrive.
____________________________________________________________________

3. Oui, vous devriez lui écrire.
____________________________________________________________________

4. On dit que vous devez trente-cinq euros au coiffeur.
____________________________________________________________________

5. Oui, je lui dois trente-cinq euros.
____________________________________________________________________

6. Je disais que j’allais écrire à mon sénateur.
____________________________________________________________________

7. Vous devez avoir quelque chose d’important à lui dire.
____________________________________________________________________

8. Écrivez-vous beaucoup?
____________________________________________________________________

9. Non, mais j’écrivais beaucoup autrefois.
____________________________________________________________________

10. Elle dit qu’elle a écrit une lettre à son sénateur.
____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 67

Translate the following sentences into French.

1. I wrote the book.
____________________________________________________________________

2. We are writing a book.
____________________________________________________________________

3. You must be Michelle’s husband.
____________________________________________________________________

4. We have to work.
____________________________________________________________________

5. She should write a book.
____________________________________________________________________

6. He has written a book.
____________________________________________________________________

7. He did not write that book.
____________________________________________________________________

8. I owe (à) my friend ten euros.
____________________________________________________________________

9. Let’s write to our senator!
____________________________________________________________________

10. I was saying that she has to write a book.
____________________________________________________________________

36 • Lire, mourir*⁴, naître*

Exercise 68

Translate the following phrases and sentences into English.

1. Elle est morte. _____________________________________

2. Nous mourons de faim. _______________________________

3. Il meurt. __________________________________________

4. Nous lisions. ______________________________________

5. on lut ____________________________________________

6. Vous lisiez. _______________________________________

7. il naquit (il est né) __________________________________

8. elle naquit (elle est née) ______________________________

9. nous naquîmes (nous sommes nés) ______________________

10. qu’il meure! _______________________________________

Exercise 69

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. He will die one day. _________________________________

2. She was born in Paris. ________________________________

3. We read the newspapers. ______________________________

4. She is reading a book. ________________________________

5. Many have died. ____________________________________

6. I am dying. ________________________________________

7. He is dead. ________________________________________

8. I will read this article. ________________________________

9. We have read the book. _______________________________

10. Before dying . . . ____________________________________

37 • Plaire, recevoir, rire

verbs conjugated like plaire

déplaire (to displease)

se taire* (to quiet down, be silent)

verb conjugated like rire

sourire (to smile)

Exercise 70

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I am laughing. _____________________________________

2. he will receive ____________________________________

3. we were pleasing ___________________________________

4. I have pleased _____________________________________

5. she does receive ___________________________________

6. you have received __________________________________

7. Laugh! ___________________________________________

8. one would receive __________________________________

9. that he may receive _________________________________

10. pleasing __________________________________________

11. I will please _______________________________________

12. we would receive ___________________________________

13. You will laugh. _____________________________________

14. She is laughing. _____________________________________

15. that I may please ____________________________________

16. they do receive _____________________________________

17. you received _______________________________________

18. He laughed. ________________________________________

19. Let’s laugh! ________________________________________

20. Don’t laugh! _______________________________________

Exercise 71

Translate the underlined words into English, and try to get the gist of the entire quote.

1. «Riez de ma faiblesse.»—Corneille
____________________________________________________________________

2. «Rira bien qui rira le dernier.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

3. «Plus on est de fous, plus on rit.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

4. «Votre fille me plut, je prétendis lui plaire.
Elle est de mes serments seule dépositaire.» —Racine
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

5. «La fortune se plaît à faire de ces coups.» —La Fontaine
____________________________________________________________________

6. «Plût à Dieu vous savoir en chemin présentement!» —Mme de Sévigné
____________________________________________________________________

7. «Vous plaît-il, don Juan, nous éclaircir ces beaux mystères?» —Molière
____________________________________________________________________

8. Elle a été reçue à l’Académie française.
____________________________________________________________________

9. «Recevez par cette lettre un pouvoir absolu sur tout le palais.» —Montesquieu
____________________________________________________________________

10. «La terre ne rit plus à l’homme comme auparavant.» —Bossuet

38 • Suivre, tenir, vaincre

verb conjugated like suivre

poursuivre (to pursue; to follow through)

verbs conjugated like tenir

appartenir à (to belong to)

contenir (to contain)

obtenir (to obtain, get)

retenir (to retain)

verb conjugated like vaincre

convaincre (to convince)

Exercise 72

Translate the following phrases and sentences into French.

1. I hold ____________________________________________

2. he was following ____________________________________

3. we will conquer _____________________________________

4. you followed _______________________________________

5. I follow ___________________________________________

6. you will hold _______________________________________

7. you do follow ______________________________________

8. Follow me! ________________________________________

9. I would follow ______________________________________

10. they conquered ______________________________________

11. conquering _________________________________________

12. I will conquer _______________________________________

13. we have conquered ___________________________________

14. they are conquered ___________________________________

15. I’ll follow. _________________________________________

16. you are followed ____________________________________

17. You will be followed. _________________________________

18. You have been followed. ______________________________

19. the following example ________________________________

20. She was holding the cat. _______________________________

39 • Vivre, valoir

The verb valoir is most often used in the impersonal form (il vaut mieux + infinitive/que + subjunctive, it would be better/best if/that). It also means to be worth/to cost.

Exercise 73

Translate into English.

1. Depuis quand est-ce que vous vivez à Montréal?
____________________________________________________________________

2. J’ai essayé de vendre mes livres, mais ils ne valaient pas beaucoup.
____________________________________________________________________

3. Il vaut mieux que nous commencions tout de suite.
____________________________________________________________________

4. Mozart ne vécut que 33 ans.
____________________________________________________________________

5. Vive le Roi!
____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 74

Translate into French.

1. How much is a diploma worth?
____________________________________________________________________

2. She lived in Lyon for three years.
____________________________________________________________________

3. Long live the president!
____________________________________________________________________

4. It would be better to leave before noon.
____________________________________________________________________

5. When I was a child we lived near a lake.
____________________________________________________________________

6. How much does that motorcycle cost? (use valoir)
____________________________________________________________________

40 • S’asseoir*⁶

Exercise 75

Translate into English.

1. Asseyez-vous!
____________________________________________________________________

2. Je me suis assis devant la porte.
____________________________________________________________________

3. Il faut que tu t’asseyes.
____________________________________________________________________

4. Asseyons-nous maintenant.
____________________________________________________________________

5. Nous nous sommes assises dans le train.
____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 76

Translate into French.

1. Sit down here. (fam.)
____________________________________________________________________

2. Let’s sit down.
____________________________________________________________________

3. O.K., I’ll sit down (present tense), if you wish.
____________________________________________________________________

4. They (f.) sat down while waiting.
____________________________________________________________________

5. She asked me to sit down.
____________________________________________________________________

Review

Exercise 77

Translate the underlined words into English, and try to get the gist of the entire quote.

1. «Seigneur, je sais que je ne sais qu’une chose; c’est qu’il est bon de vous suivre.» —Pascal
____________________________________________________________________

2. «Qui m’aime me suive.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

3. «D’où tenez-vous ce pouvoir de traverser la vie en la perturbant avec arrogance... ?» —Tahar Ben Jelloun
____________________________________________________________________

4. «Une goutte d’eau tient quelque chose du vaste océan.» —Voltaire
____________________________________________________________________

5. «Un tiens vaut mieux que deux tu auras.» —Proverbe
____________________________________________________________________

6. «Alexis et Henriette la suivirent, dociles. Elle marchait devant, menant sa bicyclette: “On va se mettre là, si vous avez un moment”, dit-elle en s’asseyant sur le petit mur de pierre... » —Elsa Triolet
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

7. «Elle ne me voyait pas. Elle était absorbée par ses prières. Je m’assis à côté d’elle...
Elle ressemblait étrangement à l’Assise. Moins corpulente, elle avait cependant les mêmes gestes, la même façon de s’asseoir. J’arrêtai de prier et me mis à la regarder avec inquiétude.» —Tahar Ben Jelloun
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

8. «À vaincre sans péril on triomphe sans gloire.» —Corneille
____________________________________________________________________

9. «On ne vainc qu’en combattant.» —Rotrou
____________________________________________________________________

10. «Je suis vaincu du temps, je cède à ses outrages.» —Malherbe
____________________________________________________________________

1. Note that the imperative forms of vouloir are used only in very formal situations.

2. The asterisk (*) indicates that the verb is conjugated in compound tenses with the auxiliary verb être.

3. See Part 1 (Section 14) for use of the subjunctive after impersonals.

4. The asterisk (*) indicates that the verb is conjugated in compound tenses with the auxiliary verb être.

5. The imperative of valoir is hardly ever used.

6. The asterisk (*) indicates that the verb is conjugated in compound tenses with the auxiliary verb être.

7. The forms of s’asseoir with -ie- or -ey- (Je m’assieds, Asseyez-vous!) are used more commonly than those with -oi- and -oy-.

Appendix: Final Review

This extra opportunity for review will reinforce your command of the conjugations you have learned throughout the book.

Present tense

Exercise 78

Express the following in English.

1. elle vend _____________________________________

2. je réussis _____________________________________

3. elles ne comprennent pas _________________________

4. Vous levez-vous bientôt? _________________________

5. ils répondent __________________________________

6. Ils s’aiment depuis cinq ans. _______________________

7. nous choisissons _______________________________

8. Je reçois ton paquet. ____________________________

9. Vous dites toujours la vérité. ______________________

10. Tu te dépêches. ________________________________

Exercise 79

Give French equivalents of the following sentences.

1. Where do they sell maps? ________________________

2. When do we go out? ____________________________

3. I’m going to phone Chantal. _______________________

4. We’re correcting the essays. _______________________

5. He doesn’t believe you. __________________________

6. They’re opening the store. ________________________

7. I hope to see Rachelle. __________________________

8. Are you sleeping? ______________________________

9. We remember our school. ________________________

10. It’s starting to snow. ____________________________

Imperative

Exercise 80

Read the following situations in English, and react with an appropriate imperative form in French.

1. Your roommate is sleeping way too late this morning.
____________________________________________________________________

2. A person leaving the subway car in front of you is about to miss a step.
____________________________________________________________________

3. You suggest to your friends that the three of you go shopping together.
____________________________________________________________________

4. You think your parents should take the train (instead of driving).
____________________________________________________________________

5. You indicate to your friend that this is your subway stop; the two of you need to get off.
____________________________________________________________________

6. You tell your students to pronounce these words.
____________________________________________________________________

7. Tell your children not to get married too young.
____________________________________________________________________

8. You want to take a walk with a group of co-workers.
____________________________________________________________________

9. You tell your friend not to forget his backpack.
____________________________________________________________________

10. You invite your professor to sit down.
____________________________________________________________________

11. You ask your boyfriend/girlfriend to promise you something.
____________________________________________________________________

12. You want to play tennis with your next-door neighbor.
____________________________________________________________________

13. You tell your mother not to get angry.
____________________________________________________________________

14. You tell your little nephew to sleep well.
____________________________________________________________________

15. You tell a good friend not to worry.
____________________________________________________________________

16. You inadvertently interrupt someone (you don’t know).
____________________________________________________________________

17. Tell a group of young campers to make their beds.
____________________________________________________________________

18. Tell your friend to stop smoking.
____________________________________________________________________

19. Tell the kids not to cry.
____________________________________________________________________

20. Tell them it’s time to tidy up the room.
____________________________________________________________________

Present participle

Exercise 81

Complete each sentence with the appropriate present participle. Choose from among the suggested verbs in each group.

1. écouter, forger, lire

En _______________ on devient forgeron.

J’apprends en _______________ beaucoup.

Il fait le ménage en _______________ la radio.

2. aller, se baigner, promener

En _______________ à la banque, j’ai perdu mon portefeuille.

Elle court en _______________ le chien.

Nous chantons en _______________

3. conduire, faire, réfléchir

Tu t’es amusée en _______________ de la peinture.

Il ne faut pas parler au téléphone en _______________.

Je quitte la maison en _______________ déjà à mon travail.

4. interroger, jouer, s’occuper

En _______________ au volley-ball, elle oublie ses soucis.

Il peut travailler un peu en _______________ de ses enfants.

L’agent de police a beaucoup appris en _______________ le suspect.

5. lancer, nager, ouvrir

En _______________ ce nouveau produit, elles ont dû travailler très dur.

Je me suis détendue en _______________.

Il a souri en _______________ cette lettre.

Future and conditional

Exercise 82

Change the following verb forms from the future to the conditional, or from the conditional to the future, retaining the same subject pronoun.

1. tu répondras __________________________________

2. j’irai ________________________________________

3. nous aurions __________________________________

4. elles parleraient ________________________________

5. il vaudra mieux ________________________________

6. tu vivras _____________________________________

7. elles riront ___________________________________

8. je plairai _____________________________________

9. nous viendrions _______________________________

10. on suivra ____________________________________

Exercise 83

Give French equivalents for the following phrases and sentences.

1. Will she run with us? ____________________________________________

2. Would he tell the truth? __________________________________________

3. You (fam.) should write to your mother _______________________________

4. O.K., I’ll write her tomorrow. ______________________________________

5. My nephew will be born in a few days. ________________________________

6. I would drink some wine if I weren’t working. ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________

7. Will you (polite) do the dishes? _____________________________________

8. How long will they live in Italy? _____________________________________

9. They would be able to stay longer if their visas were valid. _________________
_____________________________________________________________

10. I’d like to stay for three months ______________________________________

Imperfect indicative

Exercise 84

Express the following in French.

1. I was thinking ___________________________________________________

2. she used to travel _________________________________________________

3. your (fam.) name was . . . ___________________________________________

4. They always got up at seven _________________________________________

5. He always said that he was happy. _____________________________________

6. It was beautiful (out). ______________________________________________

7. We knew each other very well. _______________________________________

8. She was starving (dying of hunger). ____________________________________

9. You (polite) were in the midst of finishing your work. ______________________
______________________________________________________________

10. It rained every day. ________________________________________________

11. We had to leave early. ______________________________________________

12. They could call each other often. _____________________________________

Exercise 85

Read the following extracts from a short story, «La vie privée ou Alexis Slavsky» (1945), by Elsa Triolet, and write the infinitives shown in the imperfect tense. An artist, Alexis, and his companion Henriette are living in Lyon during the German occupation of France.

«Quel répit après les mois d’hôtel [...] Alexis ne (sortir) (1) _______________ presque pas. Henriette (aller) (2) _______________ et (venir) (3) _______________ , (faire) (4) _______________ la cuisine, (laver) (5) _______________ la vaisselle, (éplucher) (6) _______________ les légumes, (raccommoder) (7) _______________ les chaussettes [...] (arranger) (8) _______________ une robe, (se laver) (9) _______________ dans la cuisine, (lire) (10) _______________ des romans policiers ou autres, (jouer) (11) _______________ avec le petit chat tigré qu’elle avait ramassé dans la rue (Henriette [avoir] [12] _______________ une passion pour les chats de gouttière), (sortir) (13) _______________ , (revenir) (14) _______________ chargée de paquets [...] Il (commencer) (15) _______________ à faire froid, il (pleuvoir) (16) _______________, il (faire) (17) _______________ ignoble [...] Alexis (craindre) (18) _______________ le froid plus que tout au monde. Parfois, ils (sortir) (19) _______________ ensemble [...] (ils) (s’en aller) (20) _______________ entre ces maisons, souvent silencieux [...] L’effroyable nudité de Lyon leur (convenir) (21) _______________ [...] Les couleurs à l’huile, la toile [...] (se faire) (22) _______________ rares, et puisque c’était ainsi, Alexis (prendre) (23) _______________ plaisir à faire des petites gouaches sur n’importe quel petit bout de papier [...] Cette peinture (satisfaire) (24) _______________ sa misère intérieure [...] Il (faire) (25) _______________ plusieurs gouaches par jour, les jetant par terre autour de lui, les regardant pendant qu’il (se promener) (26) _______________ à travers la pièce... »

Passé composé and passé simple

Exercise 86

Rewrite the following passé simple forms in the passé composé.

1. ils suivirent _____________________________________________________

2. vous crûtes _____________________________________________________

3. je naquis _______________________________________________________

4. nous reçûmes ___________________________________________________

5. tu craignis ______________________________________________________

6. elle vécut _______________________________________________________

7. vous lûtes _______________________________________________________

8. j’allai __________________________________________________________

9. elles se souvinrent _________________________________________________

10. tu t’assis ________________________________________________________

Exercise 87

Translate the following into French. Use the passé composé.

1. Where did you put the menu? _________________________________________

2. They traveled to Senegal in May. _______________________________________

3. He and I met for the first time last week. _________________________________
________________________________________________________________

4. This is the suitcase she left in front of my door. ___________________________

5. I bought three books that I gave to the children. ____________________________
________________________________________________________________

6. Which lessons did he study? __________________________________________

7. Your sisters? I saw them at the market. ___________________________________

8. We woke up too late to go. ____________________________________________

9. How many times did you try to call? _____________________________________

10. Who arrived after me? _______________________________________________

Present subjunctive

Exercise 88

Translate the English sentences into French. Choose from among the following expressions for the main clause of each sentence and use the present subjunctive in the subordinate clause: craindre que, douter que, être désolé(e) que, il est important que, il est indispensable que, il est nécessaire que, il est normal que, il est possible que, il est temps que, il faut que, ne pas croire (penser) que, regretter que, vouloir que

1. I want you to repeat that. _____________________________________________

2. It’s necessary that they choose. ________________________________________

3. It’s time for us to leave. ______________________________________________

4. He doubts that we’re finishing. _________________________________________

5. She regrets that there’s an exam today. ___________________________________

6. It’s possible that he’s right. ____________________________________________

7. I’m afraid that you’re wrong. ___________________________________________

8. It’s normal that it’s (it be) cold in January. _________________________________

9. He’s sorry that I’m selling the house. _____________________________________

10. It’s important for you to know Paris. _____________________________________

11. We have to pack the bags. _____________________________________________

12. It’s possible that she’s coming. _________________________________________

13. I don’t think that he’ll change. __________________________________________

14. It’s indispensable that you go to sleep early. _______________________________
________________________________________________________________

Exercise 89

Use the following conjunctions to translate the English sentences into French: afin que, bien que, jusqu’à ce que, pour que, pourvu que, quoique, sans que

1. I’ll wait until you come. _____________________________________________

2. He left without her knowing (it). _______________________________________

3. She’s explaining it so that we’ll understand. _______________________________

4. We’re leaving even though it’s raining. ___________________________________

5. I’ll go provided that you come too. ______________________________________

6. They work so that their family can be more comfortable. ______________________
________________________________________________________________

7. You left school even though you were successful (were succeeding)? ____________
_________________________________________________________________

Past perfect subjunctive

Exercise 90

Give your opinion about some events that happened yesterday by completing the following sentence with the correct verb form.

Je suis surpris(e) que/qu’...

1. mon ami (réussir) _______________ à son examen.

2. tu (oublier) _______________ de venir en cours.

3. le professeur (se souvenir) _______________ de moi.

4. vous (venir) _______________ en retard.

5. il (voir) _______________ trois films comiques.

6. tu (craindre) _______________ mon chien.

7. vous (ne pas se raser) _______________.

8. nos amis (se réveiller) _______________ à six heures.

9. elle (manger) _______________ de la viande.

10. ils (rire) _______________ du président.

11. tu (pouvoir) _______________ venir.

12. nous (aller) _______________ à la plage.

13. vous (se reposer) _______________ l’après-midi.

14. tu (reconnaître) _______________ mon frère.

15. elle (prendre) _______________ le train.

16. vous (se retrouver) _______________ au café.

17. Pierre (mettre) _______________ les valises dans la voiture.

18. nous (préférer) _______________ le restaurant vietnamien.

19. ils (apprendre) _______________ la leçon si vite.

20. elles (conduire) _______________ cet autobus.

Reflexive verbs

Exercise 91

Translate the italicized words into French. In choosing tense and mood, play close attention to the English equivalents.

1. I wash myself tous les matins. __________________________________________

2. They met each other à midi. ___________________________________________

3. We hurried d’arriver à l’heure. __________________________________________

4. Wake up! _________________________________________________________

5. She gets angry facilement. ____________________________________________

6. You looked at each other curieusement. __________________________________

7. Quand will we get dressed? ___________________________________________

8. I remember de vous. _________________________________________________

9. They would love to take a walk. ________________________________________

10. He got bored en cours. _______________________________________________

11. They’ll marry au mois de juin. __________________________________________

12. You brush your teeth après les repas. _____________________________________

13. We used to phone each other le soir. _____________________________________

14. Marcel fell asleep tout de suite. _________________________________________

15. Go to bed tôt ce soir! _________________________________________________

16. Her name is Amélie. __________________________________________________

17. They had fun dans le parc. ______________________________________________

18. Il faut que I go away. __________________________________________________

19. We stopped au feu rouge. _______________________________________________

20. Excusez-moi. I made a mistake de numéro. _________________________________

Verbs with spelling changes

Exercise 92

Change the following forms from singular to plural, or from plural to singular.

1. je paie ___________________________________________________________

2. je voyage _________________________________________________________

3. tu commences _____________________________________________________

4. nous achetons _____________________________________________________

5. nous nous ennuyons _________________________________________________

6. ils jettent _________________________________________________________

7. vous vous appelez ___________________________________________________

8. vous espérez _______________________________________________________

9. je prononce ________________________________________________________

10. nous nous levons ____________________________________________________

Exercise 93

Translate the following from English to French.

1. They hope to leave. ___________________________________________________

2. You used to begin at eight. ______________________________________________

3. We’re changing clothes. _______________________________________________

4. It was snowing this morning. ____________________________________________

5. They call every day. __________________________________________________

6. I was traveling every summer. ___________________________________________

7. You (fam.) try to speak. ________________________________________________

8. She throws out the old newspapers ________________________________________

9. I get bored easily. ____________________________________________________

10. We’ll celebrate tomorrow. ______________________________________________

Compound tenses with avoir and être

Exercise 94

Change the following from the passé composé to the pluperfect (plus-que-parfait).

1. je suis arrivée _______________________________________________________

2. il a mangé __________________________________________________________

3. nous avons pris ______________________________________________________

4. le prof est venu ______________________________________________________

5. vous avez couru ______________________________________________________

6. elles ont dîné ________________________________________________________

Exercise 95

Change the following from the future perfect to the conditional perfect.

1. nous serons descendus _________________________________________________

2. elle aura commencé ____________________________________________________

3. nos amis auront fini ____________________________________________________

4. elle sera devenue ______________________________________________________

5. vous aurez mangé ______________________________________________________

6. Tu auras eu ton diplôme. _________________________________________________

Exercise 96

Translate the following into English.

1. il sera arrivé _________________________________________________________

2. nous avons compris ____________________________________________________

3. elles auraient lu _______________________________________________________

4. Tu étais partie très tôt. ___________________________________________________

5. Mes étudiants avaient terminé avant-hier. _____________________________________

6. Si nous étions venus, nous aurions vu ce film. __________________________________

Exercise 97

Translate the following into French. Use compound tenses with the auxiliary verbs avoir or être.

1. he had known __________________________________________________________

2. we will have arrived _____________________________________________________

3. Napoleéon died in 1821. _________________________________________________

4. He had lived on that street. ________________________________________________

5. When did you fall? ______________________________________________________

6. Did you understand that essay? _____________________________________________

The passive voice

Exercise 98

Translate the following into English.

1. Nous avons été appelés à une heure. _________________________________________

2. Le français se parle ici. ___________________________________________________

3. On vend des vêtements chauds en automne. ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

4. Le président est toujours accompagné de ses gardes du corps. _____________________
____________________________________________________________________

5. Les essais historiques seront écrits par les membres de cette classe. ________________
____________________________________________________________________

6. S’il faisait soleil, est-ce que les tomates seraient cultivées ici? _____________________
____________________________________________________________________

7. Les images furent reproduites dans tous les journaux. ___________________________
____________________________________________________________________

8. Les bandes dessinées se lisent beaucoup chez nous. _____________________________
____________________________________________________________________

9. Ces candidats ont été refusés par les électeurs. ________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

10. La porte était fermée tous les jours à sept heures. ______________________________
____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 99

Translate the following into French.

1. This book is very often read. _______________________________________________

2. She will be chosen. ______________________________________________________

3. We have been followed. ___________________________________________________

4. The teacher was called at three o’clock. _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. This class would be taught by an assistant. _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

6. Peace was declared in 1918. ________________________________________________

7. These flowers are studied by biologists. ________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

8. That house used to be surrounded by trees. ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

9. These magazines will be published tomorrow. ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

10. My clothes were made in France. _____________________________________________

Overall review

Exercise 100

Complete the following interview with the requested verb forms. Note the subject, the infinitive, and the verb tense.

Amélie Nothomb est une romancière belge, encore jeune, qui a passé son enfance et sa première jeunesse au Japon avant de rentrer en Belgique.

1. —Comment (passer, present) _______________ -vous votre temps libre?

2. Je/J’ (lire, present) _______________ beaucoup, presque autant que je/j’ (écrire, present) _______________.

3. A côté de cela, je/j’ (aller, present) _______________ beaucoup au cinéma.

4. Lorsque je/j’ (étudier, imperfect) _______________ à l’Université, je/j’ (aller, imperfect) _______________ voir un film par jour.

5. C’est pour vous dire que je/j’ (aller, imperfect) _______________ tout voir—même les commerciaux—, de Bergman aux films américains.

6. Et je/j’ (garder, passé composé) _______________ ce côté omnivore en matière de cinéma.

7. Je/J’ (supposer, present) _______________ que cela (provenir, present) _______________ du fait que lorsque je/j’ (arriver, passé composé) _______________ en Europe à 17 ans, je/j’ (être, imperfect) _______________ seule.

8. Je/J’ (ne pas avoir, imperfect) _______________ d’amis.

9. Pendant longtemps, pour m’occuper, je/j’ (aller, imperfect) _______________ au cinéma.

10. Et j’en (devenir, passé composé) _______________ rapidement une fan.

11. D’autant plus que ce/c’ (être, imperfect) _______________ la seule culture européenne abordable pour moi.

12. Avant, je ne/n’ (connaître, imperfect) _______________ l’Europe qu’à travers la littérature classique.

13. Alors, je/j’ (essayer, imperfect)_______________ de découvrir l’Europe plus actuelle à travers le cinéma.

14. En général, je/j’ (aller, present) _______________ aux cinémas UGC.

15. Le Kinépolis (être, present) _______________ bien trop loin et comme je/j’ (ne pas conduire, present) _______________

16. Par contre, il (exister, present) _______________ encore un bon vieux cinéma à Bruxelles, le Movy, non loin de la gare du Midi.

17. Ce/C (être, present) _______________ probablement un des derniers cinémas au monde (fonctionner, present participle) _______________ encore au charbon de bois et cela (donner, present) _______________ une image d’une qualité très particulière.

Exercise 101

Read the following extracts from La Peste (1947), by Albert Camus, and translate the underlined French words and phrases into English. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Ils suivirent¹ un petit couloir dont les murs étaient peints² en vert clair et où flottait³ une lumière d’aquarium. Juste avant d’arriver⁴ à une double porte vitrée, derrière laquelle on voyait⁵ un curieux mouvement d’ombres, Tarrou fit entrer⁶ Rambert dans une très petite salle, entièrement tapissée de placards. Il ouvrit⁷ l’un d’eux, tira⁸ d’un stérilisateur deux masques de gaze hydrophile, en tendit⁹ un à Rambert et l’invita à s’en couvrir¹⁰. Le journaliste demanda si cela servait à quelque chose¹¹ et Tarrou répondit¹² que non, mais que cela donnait confiance aux autres¹³.

«Ce n’est pas cela¹⁴, dit Rambert. Jai toujours pensé que j’étais¹⁵ étranger à cette ville et que je n’avais rien à faire avec vous¹⁶. Mais maintenant que j’ai vu ce que j’ai vu, je sais que je suis d’ici, que je le veuille ou non¹⁷. Cette histoire nous concerne tous¹⁸.»

Personne ne répondit¹⁹ et Rambert parut s’impatienter²⁰.

«Vous le savez bien²¹ d’ailleurs! Ou sinon que feriez-vous²² dans cet hôpital? Avez-vous donc choisi, vous, et renoncé²³ au bonheur?»

Ni Tarrou ni Rieux ne répondirent encore²⁴. Le silence dura longtemps²⁵, jusqu’à ce qu’on approchât²⁶ de la maison du docteur. Et Rambert, de nouveau, posa sa dernière question²⁷, avec plus de force encore. Et seul Rieux se tourna vers lui²⁸. Il se souleva²⁹ avec effort:

«Pardonnez-moi³⁰, Rambert, dit-il³¹, mais je ne le sais pas³². Restez avec nous puisque vous le désirez³³.»

1. _____________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________

6. _____________________________________________

7. _____________________________________________

8. _____________________________________________

9. _____________________________________________

10. _____________________________________________

11. _____________________________________________

12. _____________________________________________

13. _____________________________________________

14. _____________________________________________

15. _____________________________________________

16. _____________________________________________

17. _____________________________________________

18. _____________________________________________

19. _____________________________________________

20. _____________________________________________

21. _____________________________________________

22. _____________________________________________

23. _____________________________________________

24. _____________________________________________

25. _____________________________________________

26. _____________________________________________

27. _____________________________________________

28. _____________________________________________

29. _____________________________________________

30. _____________________________________________

31. _____________________________________________

32. _____________________________________________

33. _____________________________________________

Answer Key

When there is more than one possible answer, alternate answers are given in parentheses and, when needed, separated by slashes.

Exercise 1

1. je demande, tu demandes, il/elle/on demande, nous demandons, vous demandez, ils/elles demandent 2. je chante, tu chantes, il/elle/on chante, nous chantons, vous chantez, ils/elles chantent 3. je travaille, tu travailles, il/elle/on travaille, nous travaillons, vous travaillez, ils/elles travaillent

Exercise 2

1. il/elle/on étudie, vous étudiez, j’étudie, nous étudions 2. tu donnes, ils/elles donnent, vous donnez, je donne 3. il/elle/on ferme, nous fermons, tu fermes, ils/elles ferment 4. je joue, vous jouez, ils/elles jouent, tu joues 5. nous dînons, tu dînes, je dîne, vous dînez

Exercise 3

1. nous parlons 2. nous commençons 3. je travaille 4. elle aide 5. vous aimez (tu aimes) 6. il écoute 7. elles comptent 8. je tombe 9. nous trouvons 10. nous arrivons 11. il apporte 12. nous montons 13. elle porte 14. nous jouons 15. il étudie 16. nous admirons 17. elle trouve 18. je pense 19. ils sonnent 20. il pleure (il crie)

Exercise 4

1. j’obéis, tu obéis, il/elle/on obéit, nous obéissons, vous obéissez, ils/elles obéissent 2. je réussis, tu réussis, il/elle/on réussit, nous réussissons, vous réussissez, ils/elles réussissent 3. je punis, tu punis, il/elle/on punit, nous punissons, vous punissez, ils/elles punissent

Exercise 5

1. nous bâtissons, il bâtit, je bâtis, tu bâtis 2. elle remplit, vous remplissez, ils remplissent, nous remplissons 3. je choisis, nous choisissons, tu choisis, elle choisit 4. il accomplit, vous accomplissez, j’accomplis, ils accomplissent 5. vous finissez, il finit, elles finissent, tu finis

Exercise 6

1. Obéit-il? 2. Réussit-elle? 3. Parle-t-il français? 4. Est-ce que j’aide? 5. Dansez-vous? (Danses-tu?) 6. Pensez-vous? (Penses-tu?) 7. Est-ce que je choisis? 8. Écoutez-vous? (Écoutes-tu?) 9. Choisit-il une maison? 10. Porte-telle un chapeau?

Exercise 7

1. nous répondons 2. il vend 3. elles entendent 4. je défends 5. vous perdez 6. tu rends 7. elle tend 8. ils descendent 9. je perds 10. tu entends

Exercise 8

1. ils/elles perdent 2. nous n’entendons pas 3. Ne répondez-vous pas? (Ne réponds-tu pas?) 4. je ne défends pas 5. Attendent-ils/elles? 6. N’attendent-ils/elles pas? 7. je perds 8. elle rend 9. ils/elles défendent 10. nous ne perdons pas

Exercise 9

1. Travaillons! 2. Choisissez! 3. Obéis! 4. Écoutez! 5. Attendez! 6. Pensons! 7. Étudions! 8. Entrez! 9. Dîne! 10. Commençons!

Exercise 10

1. étudiant 2. chantant 3. obéissant 4. écoutant 5. attendant 6. comptant 7. descendant 8. dansant 9. donnant 10. jouant

Exercise 11

1. je finirai 2. vous chanterez 3. nous choisirons 4. elle attendra 5. tu perdras 6. ils écouteront 7. je descendrai 8. on répondra 9. tu réussiras 10. elles guériront

Exercise 12

1. elles répondraient 2. nous finirions 3. on choisirait 4. Pierre arriverait 5. tu penserais 6. vous aimeriez 7. je perdrais 8. elles attendraient 9. vous choisiriez 10. tu réussirais

Exercise 13

1. nous obéirions (we would obey) 2. tu finirais (you [fam.] would finish) 3. je commencerais (I would begin) 4. ils finiraient (they would finish) 5. j’aimerais (I would like, love) 6. vous déjeuneriez (you [polite or pl.] would have lunch) 7. elle parlerait (she would speak) 8. j’entendrais (I would hear) 9. elles travailleraient (they [f.] would work) 10. nous jouerions (we would play)

Exercise 14

1. vous obéirez (tu obéiras) 2. je penserais 3. nous écouterions 4. Attendriez-vous? (Attendrais-tu?) 5. je vendrai 6. nous jouerions 7. Je répondrai. 8. ils/elles admireraient 9. Descendrez-vous? (Descendras-tu?) 10. Ils/Elles ne descendraient pas.

Exercise 15

1. vous choisissiez 2. j’entendais 3. on jouait 4. je travaillais 5. tu demeurais 6. nous bâtissions 7. ils accomplissaient 8. je remplissais 9. tu perdais 10. vous descendiez 11. nous vendions 12. elle dînait 13. tu écoutais 14. je pensais 15. ils portaient 16. il demandait 17. nous obéissions 18. elles choisissaient 19. nous attendions 20. je descendais

Exercise 16

1. I finish (am finishing) 2. we were speaking (used to speak) 3. you (polite or pl.) will lose 4. I would give 5. they (m.) used to dance (were dancing) 6. you (fam.) will enter 7. one (people/they) were selling (used to sell) 8. you (polite or pl.) lived (were living/used to live) 9. they (f.) study (are studying) 10. I was building (used to build) 11. Answer (polite or pl.) the question. 12. Do you (polite or pl.) like Brahms? 13. We aren’t working (don’t work). 14. Do you (polite or pl.) sing? 15. Were you (polite or pl.) singing (did you used to sing)? 16. I am (in the midst of) working. 17. We were listening (used to listen) to the radio. 18. He plays (is playing) the piano. 19. Are you (polite or pl.) listening? 20. Wouldn’t they (f.) succeed?

Exercise 17

1. je descends 2. nous finissions 3. j’attendrai 4. je chanterais 5. elles pleurent 6. vous réussissiez 7. Parlons! 8. Écoutez! 9. il brûle 10. vous trouviez 11. tu compteras 12. nous ajouterions 13. ils apporteront 14. elle aide 15. vous demandiez 16. ils obéissent 17. nous répondons 18. je perdrai 19. on accomplirait 20. je choisissais

Exercise 18

1. je serai 2. nous sommes 3. tu serais 4. vous auriez 5. il était 6. soyons... ! 7. elles sont 8. j’avais 9. nous avons 10. nous aurions 11. on serait 12. vous serez 13. il aura 14. nous serons 15. elle a 16. sois... ! 17. étant 18. nous étions 19. ayant 20. tu es 21. ayons... ! 22. elle était 23. j’aurai 24. je serais 25. aie... ! 26. je suis 27. il est 28. vous viviez 29. il travaillera 30. elle parlait 31. ils étaient 32. nous avons 33. j’étais 34. J’ai chaud. 35. Il a faim. 36. Vous avez raison. 37. J’ai tort. 38. Dormez-vous? 39. Elle a dix-huit ans. 40. il y a 41. avoir l’air 42. J’ai soif. 43. Elle a peur. 44. il y a 45. Nous avons froid. 46. Elle n’a pas honte. 47. Nous n’avons pas sommeil. 48. Est-ce que j’ai tort? (Ai-je tort?) 49. As-tu raison? 50. N’ayons pas peur.

Exercise 19

1. elle a parlé 2. je suis monté 3. j’ai fini 4. j’ai chanté 5. vous avez obéi 6. elles sont arrivées 7. il a étudié 8. elle est tombée 9. j’ai trouvé 10. vous avez choisi 11. nous avons attendu 12. on a répondu 13. tu as entendu 14. nous sommes descendues 15. elle a aimé 16. tu as perdu 17. il a bâti 18. elle a puni 19. nous avons réussi 20. on a donné

Exercise 20

1. on parla 2. nous perdîmes 3. ils bâtirent 4. elle aima 5. vous descendîtes 6. ils répondirent 7. nous attendîmes 8. vous choisîtes 9. j’étudiai 10. elles arrivèrent 11. vous obéîtes 12. je chantai 13. vous finîtes 14. je réussis 15. il étudia 16. nous parlâmes 17. vous attendîtes 18. ils remplirent 19. vous accomplîtes 20. ils dînèrent

Exercise 21

1. enleva 2. donna 3. sauva 4. créa 5. écrivit 6. adopta 7. invita 8. inventa 9. découvrit 10. remporta 11. perdit 12. fut

Exercise 22

1. attende 2. montions 3. aimiez 4. dînent 5. chantes 6. vendiez 7. soient 8. choisissent 9. [j’]écoute 10. perdes 11. ayons 12. finissiez 13. réponde 14. travaillions 15. dîne 16. aies 17. écrivent 18. soit 19. finissions 20. appreniez 21. trouve 22. bâtisse 23. réussissiez 24. donne 25. ayons

Exercise 23

1. finisse (All the useless activity I was doing in that place then rose up to gag me, and I got impatient for one thing only, that they finish with it so I could get back to my cell, and my sleep.) 2. soit (Let Helen be rendered up to us within the hour. Or it’s war.) 3. contrôle (Bring me that file so I can check it.) 4. soit (Provided that [Let’s hope that] the cyanide hasn’t decomposed in spite of the tin foil wrapping!) 5. soit (May your vision be at each moment renewed!) 6. fassiez (You don’t want to accept anything from others? Of course I do, since I’m accepting the gift of your time.) 7. soient (What strikes me and saddens me is that they are so apathetic without being blind or unconscious. . . . They don’t feel responsible for anything, because they don’t think they can do anything in this world.) 8. souvienne, Vienne (The Seine flows under the Mirabeau bridge / And our love / Must I remember it? / Joy always came after the pain / May night come may the hour ring / The days pass I remain ) 9. fassions (And so what do you want us to do with this furniture, Philippe?) 10. soit (My army? Oh, you scoundrel! Ah, you traitor! For their death / Do you think this arm would not be strong enough?) 11. puisse (I see that there’s no scoundrel on earth / Who could not find one more base than himself.) 12. soit (It would be better if she were not here tomorrow, when they come to remove the body, she said.)

Exercise 24

1. soyons venues 2. ait été absent 3. ait réussi 4. aies attendu 5. ne soit pas arrivée 6. aient donné la réponse 7. j’aie voyagé 8. ne soit pas tombé 9. ait téléphoné 10. ayons vendu la voiture 11. soit partie en vacances 12. aient acheté cette maison

Exercise 25

1. que je parle 2. que nous finissions 3. qu’il vende 4. que nous tombions 5. qu’on entende 6. que tu perdes 7. qu’ils chantent 8. que vous punissiez 9. qu’elles dansent 10. que j’ajoute 11. qu’ils choisissent 12. que je réponde

Exercise 26

1. je me couche 2. tu te couches 3. il/elle/on se couche 4. nous nous couchons 5. vous vous couchez 6. ils/elles se couchent

Exercise 27

1. je m’habillerai 2. tu t’habilleras 3. il/elle/on s’habillera 4. nous nous habillerons 5. vous vous habillerez 6. ils/elles s’habilleront

Exercise 28

1. je me promenais 2. tu te promenais 3. il/elle/on se promenait 4. nous nous promenions 5. vous vous promeniez 6. ils/elles se promenaient

Exercise 29

1. je me suis amusé 2. je me suis amusée 3. tu t’es amusé 4. tu t’es amusée 5. il s’est amusé 6. elle s’est amusée 7. nous nous sommes amusés 8. nous nous sommes amusées 9. vous vous êtes amusé(s) 10. vous vous êtes amusée(s) 11. ils se sont amusés 12. elles se sont amusées

Exercise 30

1. je me levai 2. tu te levas 3. il/elle/on se leva 4. nous nous levâmes 5. vous vous levâtes 6. ils/elles se levèrent

Exercise 31

1. que je me trompe 2. que tu te trompes 3. qu’il/qu’elle/qu’on se trompe 4. que nous nous trompions 5. que vous vous trompiez 6. qu’ils/qu’elles se trompent

Exercise 32

1. I was ... 2. We were speaking (used to speak). 3. It is necessary that (One must)... 4. You (polite or pl.) were having dinner (used to have dinner . . . ). 5. They (m.) invited ... 6. They (f.) would like (would love) ... 7. We (m. or mixed) went in (entered). 8. So that you’ll be (polite or pl.)... 9. We spoke. 10. They (f.) obeyed. 11. You (pl., m. or mixed) came down. 12. They (m.) answered. 13. I was filling (used to fill)... 14. It was raining (used to rain). 15. They (f.) would arrive. 16. We’re hungry. 17. He’s (in the midst of) eating (having dinner). 18. I’d be ashamed. 19. They (m. or mixed) had a good time (had fun). 20. We (m. or mixed) hurried. 21. Help me! (polite or pl.) 22. They (m. or mixed) fell. 23. You (polite or pl.) will stop. 24. Rest! (Take a rest!) (polite or pl.) 25. So that we may (can) speak ... 26. He had ... 27. Wake up! (fams. s.) 28. We were leaving (used to leave). 29. They (People) sell. .. (One sells . .. ) 30. We will not wait. 31. I am choosing . . . 32. He lost. 33. I sold .. . 34. They (m. or mixed) would have ... 35. We give (are giving)... 36. He will get dressed. 37. We were washing (used to wash) ourselves. 38. They (m. or mixed) lost. 39. There was (were)... 40. They (f.) arrive (are arriving). 41. They (f.) liked (loved). .. 42. They (People) will sell. .. (One will sell. . . ) 43. We were taking (used to take) a walk. 44. They (m. or mixed) will get married. 45. Give me ... ! (polite or pl.) 46. Let’s leave! 47. Going down... (While descending . . . ) 48. So that (In order that) he may (he’ll) be . . . 49. You (polite or pl.) remained (stayed/were staying). .. 50. They (m. or mixed) finished.

Exercise 33

1. to be heard when one speaks / to speak (Is it such a bad thing to be heard when one speaks, and to speak as all the others do?) 2. Let’s count / finishes (ends) (Let us consider all that is finished [left behind] as total nothingness.) 3. One must not sell / before it’s been taken (killed) (You may not sell the bearskin before the bear is taken.) 4. Help yourself / Heaven will help you (Help yourself and Heaven will help you.) 5. having sung / found herself (itself) (The grasshopper, having sung all summer, found herself in dire need at the coming of the winter wind.) 6. It isn’t given (It’s not given) (Man has not been granted the privilege of bearing virtue any farther than Saint Louis [Louis IX] [did].) 7. It costs (It costs the mighty so little simply to pass along their words.) 8. what one thinks (believes) (What we say is very far from what we think.) 9. cried (wept) (Alexander wept for not having a Homer.) 10. Coming out / in order to enter (Getting out of one dilemma just to enter another. [Out of the frying pan into the fire.]) 11. was a success (for you) (For you, everything was a success.) 12. obeys (A free people obeys, but is not servile; it has leaders, not masters.) 13. Let’s not force (Let us not force our talent.) 14. rose up (came up) (And the cry of his people rose up to him.) 15. Rise up (Rise up quickly, o welcome storms, to sweep René up to the enchanted places.) 16. I stretched (I have stretched) (I flung [I have flung]) ropes from belltower to belltower, garlands from window to window, golden chains from star to star, and I dance.) 17. They had asked him / he had answered / made them want to find (discover) that he danced badly. (They had asked him if he danced well, and he had answered with confidence, giving them the desire to discover that he danced badly.) 18. There is (Every age has its madness. [There is madness at every age.]) 19. it happened / having walked for a long time / discovered (found) (But it happened that the little prince, having walked long across the sands, the rocks and the snows, finally came upon a road. And roads always lead to the houses of men.) 20. A whole year went by before I agreed /... I wanted nothing to do with him, it was necessary that he have me (he had to have me) (An entire year passed before I agreed to see Gaston again.... since I wanted nothing to do with him, he had to have me [it was imperative that he have me.])

Exercise 34

1. nous plaçons 2. je gèle 3. il achète 4. vous préférez 5. tu cèdes 6. vous envoyez 7. il aboie 8. elles nettoient 9. nous épelons 10. elle rappelle 11. je cède 12. nous célébrons 13. ils répètent 14. vous menez 15. tu achèves 16. nous nageons 17. vous voyagez 18. nous échangeons 19. elle suggère 20. je bouge

Exercise 35

1. je partageais 2. nous voyagions 3. elles prononçaient 4. tu avançais 5. on appelait 6. vous commenciez 7. tu annonçais 8. vous bougiez 9. ils dirigeaient 10. il élevait 11. elles appelaient 12. vous suggériez 13. nous amenions 14. vous interrogiez 15. ils logeaient 16. nous songions 17. tu mangeais 18. il neigeait 19. j’arrangeais 20. elle voyageait

Exercise 36

1. je commence 2. on achètera 3. elle corrigeait 4. je jugeai 5. il menacera 6. vous interrogiez 7. nous songeâmes 8. on possède 9. j’ennuie 10. tu jettes 11. nous renouvellerons 12. elles interrogeaient 13. nous voyageâmes 14. je céderai 15. nous projetions 16. nous envoyons 17. il appuie 18. elle appelait 19. il neigea 20. ils avançaient

Exercise 37

1. je fus 2. tu fus 3. il/elle/on fut 4. nous fûmes 5. vous fûtes 6. ils/elles furent

Exercise 38

1. j’eus 2. tu eus 3. il/elle/on eut 4. nous eûmes 5. vous eûtes 6. ils/elles eurent

Exercise 39

1. que je sois 2. que tu sois 3. qu’il/elle/on soit 4. que nous soyons 5. que vous soyez 6. qu’ils/elles soient

Exercise 40

1. que j’aie 2. que tu aies 3. qu’il/elle/on ait 4. que nous ayons 5. que vous ayez 6. qu’ils/elles aient

Exercise 41

1. j’étais 2. j’avais (j’ai eu/j’eus) 3. vous avez été (tu as été) 4. il a eu 5. nous avons été 6. elle avait 7. je serai 8. vous aurez (tu auras) 9. j’aurais 10. soyons 11. ils (elles) avaient 12. étant 13. que je sois 14. que vous ayez (que tu aies) 15. que vous soyez (que tu sois) 16. ils (elles) seront 17. que nous ayons 18. elle était 19. il avait (il a eu/il eut) 20. nous avons eu

Exercise 42

1. I had admired 2. he would have liked (loved) 3. she studied (has studied) 4. I would have finished 5. we played (have played) 6. we lost (have lost) 7. you (fam.) will have found 8. one had given 9. she might have given 10. we might have hoped 11. you (polite, m.s.) would have arrived 12. I (f.) went 13. I (m.s.) had arrived 14. I have been 15. you (fam.) had waited 16. They (f.) had been mistaken (made a mistake). 17. they (m. or mixed) would have declared (stated) 18. They (m. or mixed) had stopped. 19. You (polite or pl.) must study. (It’s necessary that you study.) 20. We (m. or mixed) hurried.

Exercise 43

1. Vous seriez descendu(e)(s). (Tu serais descendu[e].) 2. Il vendra. 3. que nous ayons (eussions) acheté 4. Nous avions dormi. 5. On aurait entendu. 6. vous aviez espéré (tu avais espéré) 7. Elle était arrivée. 8. Je descendais. 9. il avait dit 10. Nous aurions étudié. 11. j’ai eu 12. nous avons été 13. vous aurez fini (terminé) (tu aurais fini) 14. Elles se seraient levées. 15. j’aurai attendu 16. il serait arrivé 17. j’étais arrivé 18. Vous aviez attendu. (Tu avais attendu.) 19. Tu aurais attendu. 20. Elle dit (passé simple) qu’il eût parlé. (Elle a dit qu’il aurait parlé.)

Exercise 44

1. The errors were corrected. (We [They] corrected the errors.) 2. The window is open. 3. Many things were said. 4. This book is sold in all bookstores. 5. In France, one goes (we/they go) to the post office to pay one’s (our/their) bills. 6. The senator is accompanied by his wife. 7. The house will be built this year. 8. An armistice was signed. (They signed an armistice.) 9. The war was finished (ended). (They finished/ended the war.) 10. That was decided yesterday.

Exercise 45

1. pouvez 2. Voulez 3. Puis 4. [Je] sais 5. savent 6. [Je] veux 7. peut 8. sait 9. pouvons 10. sais 11. veulent

Exercise 46

1. je veux 2. je peux 3. il savait 4. nous savions 5. j’ai pu 6. nous pouvions (nous avons pu) 7. elle voudrait 8. je saurai 9. nous avons su 10. il pouvait

Exercise 47

1. I want 2. she could (was able to) 3. we will (shall) know 4. he could (was able) 5. that she might know 6. we wanted 7. one (we/they) would know 8. we knew (found out) 9. they (f.) could (have been able) 10. you (polite or pl.) wanted (tried) 11. may I? 12. I know 13. know! (fam.) 14. they can (are able) 15. we would want 16. that she may want 17. that we may be able 18. that you (polite or pl.) might know 19. you (fam.) have known (found out) 20. being able

Exercise 48

1. je dors, nous prenons, elles ouvrent 2. je sortais, il offrait, nous prenions, vous compreniez 3. elle ouvrira, je prendrai, vous servirez, ils découvriront 4. on dormit, je compris, vous offrîtes, elles recouvrirent 5. qu’elle ouvre, que nous prenions, qu’ils sortent, que tu apprennes 6. sorti, appris, dormi 7. que j’apprisse, que nous ouvrissions, qu’ils ouvrissent

Exercise 49

1. I left 2. we understood (used to understand) 3. you (polite or pl.) will feel 4. she took (has taken) 5. he will (shall) open 6. I discovered (found out) 7. she would offer 8. that we may understand each other 9. that you (polite or pl.) may sleep 10. you (fam.) continue (pick up again) 11. I sleep (am sleeping) 12. that he might sleep 13. open (polite or pl.) (up)! 14. she used to surprise 15. I surprised 16. he understood 17. we (m. or mixed) went out 18. she left (has left) 19. one (we/they) left 20. we would offer

Exercise 50

1. je pars (je m’en vais) 2. Il dort. 3. nous avons pris (nous prîmes) 4. elle a pris 5. Ils/Elles comprendront. 6. Ils/Elles comprennent. 7. il servait 8. qu’on sente 9. que nous sortions (que nous sortissions) 10. j’offrirai 11. j’offre 12. je prends 13. elle a pris (elle prit) 14. nous sommes parti(e)s (nous partîmes); nous nous en sommes allé[e]s (nous nous en allâmes) 15. Vous êtes sorti(e)(s). (Vous sortîtes.) (Tu es sorti[e].) (Tu sortis.) 16. Elle a dormi. 17. nous sentons 18. Sortez! (Sors!) 19. Partons! (Allons-nous-en!) 20. il a ouvert (il ouvrit)

Exercise 51

1. je vais, il vient, nous voyons, vous allez, je reviens 2. je venais, tu allais, nous voyions, j’apercevais, vous deveniez 3. tu reverras, elle viendra, j’irai, nous verrons, ils reviendront 4. j’ai vu, nous sommés allé(e)s, elles sont venues, nous avons revu, tu es allé(e) 5. il alla, je vis, nous revîmes, je vins, elles devinrent 6. que je voie, qu’il aille, que nous venions, qu’elles deviennent, que vous revoyiez

Exercise 52

1. he saw (he lived) (he lives) 2. I see 3. she used to go (was going) 4. we come (are coming) 5. I will (shall) see 6. one (we/they) went 7. we have seen (we saw) 8. we (m. or mixed) came (we have come) 9. I (f.) became (I have become) 10. Come (Let’s go) children of the homeland! 11. She just came in (entered). 12. He’s going to come. 13. Come (polite or pl.) see. 14. We’re doing well. (We’re fine.) 15. This hat suits you well (looks good on you) (polite or pl.). 16. Come back (polite or pl.) to see us. 17. Let’s see! (Come now!) 18. We’ll go to the woods. 19. He wants to leave (to take off) at noon. 20. She’ll come back (return) at Easter.

Exercise 53

1. j’ai vu (je vis) 2. Il est allé (Il alla) à l’école. 3. Nous apprendrons (Nous allons apprendre) le français. 4. Comment va-t-elle? 5. Va (Allez) la voir! 6. nous avons vu 7. Je reviendrai. 8. Nous allions en France. 9. Il reviendra bientôt. 10. Qu’est-ce qu’elle est devenue? 11. Tout va bien. 12. nous voyions 13. elle a vu 14. Viens (Venez) ici! 15. Je viens. (J’arrive.) 16. Il est venu (Il vint) en cours. 17. Tu reviendras. 18. Je vois. 19. Le manteau rouge lui va bien. 20. Il va bien avec son chapeau.

Exercise 54

1. I came / They didn’t find me (I came, a calm orphan, Rich only by virtue of my tranquil eyes, To men in the great cities; They didn’t find me clever.) 2. You will see (In a single life you will see all the extremes of human things.) 3. my look (my perception) was gradually becoming skilled and was learning to distinguish /1 saw (the) fire (But my perception was gradually becoming wise and learning to distinguish the tiniest luminescences. And soon, very far behind the transparency, I saw fire itself. And then I saw nothing (I no longer saw anything) but fire.) 4. Everyone doesn’t know (Not everyone knows) how to see. (Everyone doesn’t know [Not everyone knows] how to see.) 5. the sun had ever seen (The biggest [greatest] city the sun had ever seen.) 6. Great thoughts come from the heart. 7. You suffer (There comes to you) a real blow to the head when you realize (You suffer [There comes to you] a real blow to the head when you realize that all of it, finally, was founded on [an enterprise of] power.) 8. I fear that this group doesn’t come (I fear that this group doesn’t come far enough forward [to the front.]) 9. your unfortunate brother fell (suddenly) (Your unfortunate brother fell suddenly, bloodied, from the top of this balcony.) 10. Go (away) (Go [away], I do not hate you.) 11. All that I do comes to me (All that I do comes to me naturally, without study.) 12. has seen a great deal (a lot) (Whoever [He who] has seen a lot, may have retained a great deal.) 13. To see in the middle of the night / to see her without her knowing that he was seeing (was looking at) her, and to see her completely occupied with things (In the most beautiful place on earth, in the middle of the night, to see the person he worshiped, to see her without her knowing that he was seeing [was looking at] her, and to see her completely occupied with things that concerned him.)

Exercise 55

1. je fais, elles font, je mets, nous permettons, tu connais 2. il paraîtra, je promettrai, nous ferons, tu remettras, elles paraîtront 3. fait, connu, mis 4. faisant, connaissant 5. elle mit, nous permîmes, vous fîtes, ils parurent, je reconnus 6. que je fasse, que nous mettions, qu’ils paraissent, que vous apparaissiez, que je disparaisse

Exercise 56

1. we were doing (making) (we used to do, make) 2. you (fam.) made (did) 3. that he may do (make) 4. we put 5. one (we/they) put (has put) 6. you (polite or pl.) were committing (used to commit) 7. we promise 8. that you (polite or pl.) may disappear 9. I knew (I met) 10. she knew (she met) 11. Go (polite or pl.) do the shopping! 12. Tomorrow will be beautiful (weather). 13. They (m. or mixed) played a game of tennis. 14. Do you (polite or pl.) know how to cook? 15. They (f.) play basketball. 16. We’re going to take a walk. 17. That pleases you (polite or pl.). 18. It was getting late (in the day). 19. Don’t worry (polite or pl.) 20. What will you do (polite or pl.) tomorrow?

Exercise 57

1. je connaissais (je savais) 2. ils/elles ont promis (ils/elles promirent) 3. nous apparaissons 4. il a permis 5. je ne permettrai pas 6. nous commettons 7. elle promet 8. je reconnaîtrai 9. permettons! 10. Il fera la cuisine. 11. Elle faisait de la photographie. 12. Vous faisiez (Tu faisais) de la vitesse. 13. Elle me fait peur. 14. Nous avons fait (Nous fîmes) notre droit. 15. Ils/Elles ont fit (Ils/Elles firent) une promenade. 16. Nous avons fait (Nous fîmes) les (nos) malles. 17. Il s’est fait (Il se fit) beau à cette occasion. 18. Tu es fait(e)! (Vous êtes fait[e][s]!) 19. Veuxtu (Voudrais-tu/Voulez-vous/Voudriez-vous) faire de la musique (faire des études de musique)? 20. Il fera mauvais demain.

Exercise 58

1. il faut 2. il fallut 3. qu’il faille 4. il faudra 5. fallu

Exercise 59

1. il plut 2. il a plu 3. il pleuvra 4. qu’il pleuve 5. il pleuvrait

Exercise 60

1. It cries (weeps) / 2. it rains (It weeps in my heart / As it rains on the town / What is this languor that pierces my heart?)

Exercise 61

1. je bats 2. battu 3. il battra 4. que nous battions 5. vous avez battu

Exercise 62

1. je bus 2. j’ai bu 3. vous boiriez 4. bois! 5. buvons!

Exercise 63

1. nous conduisions 2. que vous conduisiez 3. conduisant 4. qu’on conduisît

Exercise 64

1. Je courus. (J’ai couru/Je courais.) 2. nous craignions (nous avons craint/nous craignîmes) 3. j’ai cru (je crus/je croyais) 4. je croyais 5. Court-elle? 6. ils/elles croiraient 7. je craindrai 8. ils/elles ont craint 9. vous croyez (tu crois) 10. Courons!

Exercise 65

1. He ran. 2. that she may fear 3. we used to believe (were believing/believed) 4. she believed 5. He will run. 6. They (f.) ran. 7. Run! (polite or pl.) 8. you (fam.) will believe 9. What do you fear (are you afraid of)? (polite or pl.) 10. I fear (I’m afraid) that you’re running too much.

Exercise 66

1. I will write to the president. 2. I must (It is necessary that I) write to him (her). 3. Yes, you (polite or pl.) should write to him (her). 4. They say that you (polite or pl.) owe the hairdresser (barber) thirty-five euros. 5. Yes, I owe him thirty-five euros. 6. I was saying that I was going to write to my senator. 7. You (polite or pl.) must have something important to tell him (her). 8. Do you (polite or pl.) write a lot? 9. No, but in the past I used to write a lot. 10. She says that she wrote a letter to her senator.

Exercise 67

1. J’ai écrit (J’écrivis) le livre. 2. Nous écrivons un livre. 3. Vous devez (Tu dois) être le mari de Michelle. 4. Nous devons travailler. 5. Elle devrait écrire un livre. 6. Il a écrit un livre. 7. Il n’a pas écrit ce livre-là. 8. Je dois dix euros à mon ami(e). 9. Écrivons à notre sénateur! 10. Je disais qu’elle doit (devrait) écrire un livre.

Exercise 68

1. She died. (She is dead.) 2. We’re dying of hunger. (We’re starving.) 3. He’s dying. 4. We were reading (used to read). 5. one read 6. You (polite or pl.) were reading (used to read). 7. he was born 8. she was born 9. we were born 10. may he (let him) die!

Exercise 69

1. Il mourra un jour. 2. Elle est née (naquit) à Paris. 3. Nous lisons (avons lu, lûmes) les journaux. 4. Elle lit un livre. 5. Beaucoup (de gens, de personnes) sont mort(e)s. 6. Je meurs. 7. Il est mort. 8. Je lirai cet article. 9. Nous avons lu le livre. 10. Avant de mourir...

Exercise 70

1. Je ris. 2. il recevra 3. nous plaisions 4. j’ai plu 5. elle reçoit 6. vous avez (tu as) reçu 7. Riez! (Ris!) 8. on recevrait 9. qu’il reçoive 10. plaisant 11. je plairai 12. nous recevrions 13. Vous rirez. (Tu riras.) 14. Elle rit. 15. que je plaise 16. ils/elles reçoivent 17. vous reçûtes (tu reçus) (vous avez reçu [tu as reçu]) 18. Il rit. (Il a ri.) 19. Rions! 20. Ne riez pas! (Ne ris pas!)

Exercise 71

1. Laugh (Laugh at my weakness.) 2. He laughs best who laughs last. 3. the more you (they) laugh (The more crazies [madmen] [there are] the more you [they] laugh.) 4. pleased me (I liked) (Your daughter pleased me, I aspired to pleased her. She is the sole depository [recipient] of my vows.) 5. Fortune enjoys (is happy) (Fortune enjoys creating such blows.) 6. Please God . .. (Please God to know you’ll soon be en route [on the way here]). 7. Does it please you (Would you be kind enough) (Don Juan, would it please you to shed light upon these beautiful mysteries [secrets]?) 8. She was accepted (She was accepted [received] by the French Academy.) 9. Receive (Accept) (Receive [Accept] by this letter absolute power over the entire palace.) 10. no longer laughs (The earth no longer laughs at man as it once did.)

Exercise 72

1. je tiens 2. il suivait 3. nous vaincrons 4. vous suivîtes (tu suivis) (vous avez suivi [tu as suivi]) 5. je suis 6. vous tiendrez (tu tiendras) 7. vous suivez (tu suis) 8. Suivez-moi! (Suis-moi!) 9. je suivrais 10. ils/elles vainquirent (ils/elles ont vaincu) 11. vainquant 12. je vaincrai 13. nous avons vaincu 14. ils/elles ont été vaincu(e)s 15. je suivrai 16. vous êtes suivi(e)(s) (tu es suivi[e]) 17. Vous allez être suivi(e)(s). (Tu vas être suivi[e].) 18. Vous avez été suivi(e)(s). (Tu as été suivi[e].) 19. l’exemple suivant 20. Elle tenait le chat.

Exercise 73

1. How long have you (polite or pl.) been living in Montreal? 2. I tried to sell my books, but they weren’t worth much. 3. It’s better if (that) we start right away. 4. Mozart only lived 33 years. 5. Long live the King!

Exercise 74

1. Combien vaut un diplôme? (Combien un diplôme vaut-il?) 2. Elle a vécu (vécut) à Lyon pendant trois ans. 3. Vive le président (la présidente)! 4. Il vaudrait mieux partir avant midi. 5. Quand j’étais enfant nous habitions près d’un lac. 6. Combien vaut cette moto?

Exercise 75

1. Sit down! (polite or pl.) 2. I (m.s.) sat down in front of the door. 3. You (fam.) must sit down. (It’s necessary that you sit down.) 4. Let’s sit down now. 5. We (f.) sat down (took our seats) in the train.

Exercise 76

1. Assieds-toi ici. 2. Asseyons-nous. 3. D’accord, je m’assieds, si vous voulez (si tu veux). 4. Elles s’assirent (se sont assises) en attendant. 5. Elle m’a prié de m’asseoir.

Exercise 77

1. I know that I know only / to follow you (Lord, I know that I know only one thing; that is it is good to follow you.) 2. He who loves me follows me. 3. do you have (get) (Where do you get the power to pass through life arrogantly disturbing it?) 4. holds (retains) (A single drop of water retains something of the vast ocean.) 5. a “here you are” (“take it”) (A “here you are” is worth more than two “you’ll have.” [A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.]) 6. followed her / She was walking / guiding / We’ll sit there, if you have a moment / she said, sitting down (Alexis and Henriette followed her, docilely. She walked before them, guiding her bicycle. “We’ll sit there, if you have a moment,” she said, sitting down on the low stone wall . . . ) 7. She didn’t see me. She was absorbed / I sat down next to her. . . . She resembled / she had / the same way of sitting. I stopped praying and began to look at her (She didn’t see me. She was absorbed in her prayers. I sat down next to her ... She strangely resembled the “Seated One.” Less heavy, still she had the same gestures, the same way of sitting. I stopped praying and began to look at her anxiously.) 8. to triumph (win) (He who wins without danger triumphs without glory.) 9. You win only by fighting (if you fight). 10. I am bested by time, I yield to its outrages.

Exercise 78

1. she sells 2. I succeed (I succeeded) 3. they (f.) don’t understand 4. Are you (polite or pl.) getting up soon? 5. they (m. or mixed) answer 6. They’ve loved each other for five years. 7. we choose 8. I receive your (fam.) package. 9. You (polite or pl.) always tell the truth. 10. You’re (fam.) hurrying (rushing).

Exercise 79

1. Où vend-on (vendent-ils) des cartes? (Où est-ce que les cartes se vendent?) 2. Quand sortons-nous? 3. Je vais téléphoner à Chantal. 4. Nous corrigeons les essais. 5. Il ne vous (te) croit pas. 6. Ils/Elles ouvrent le magasin. 7. J’espère voir Rachelle. 8. Dormez-vous? (Dors-tu?) 9. Nous nous souvenons de notre école. 10. Il commence à neiger.

Exercise 80 (suggested answers)

1. Réveille-toi! 2. Faites attention! 3. Faisons le marché! (Allons au magasin!) 4. Prenez le train! (Ne conduisez pas!) 5. Descendons ici! 6. Prononcez ces mots! 7. Ne vous mariez pas trop jeunes. 8. Promenons-nous! (Allons nous promener!/Allons faire une promenade!/Faisons une promenade!) 9. N’oublie pas ton sac à dos! 10. Asseyez-vous. 11. Promets-moi quelque chose. 12. Jouons au tennis. (Faisons une partie de tennis.) 13. Ne te fâche pas. 14. Dors bien. 15. Ne t’inquiète pas. (Ne t’en fais pas.) 16. Pardonnez-moi. (Excusez-moi.) 17. Faites vos lits! 18. Arrête de fumer! (Ne fume plus!) 19. Ne pleurez pas. 20. Rangeons la chambre. (Rangez la chambre.)

Exercise 81

1. forgeant, lisant, écoutant 2. allant, promenant, nous baignant 3. faisant, conduisant, réfléchissant 4. jouant, s’occupant, interrogeant 5. lançant, nageant, ouvrant

Exercise 82

1. tu répondrais 2. j’irais 3. nous aurons 4. elles parleront 5. il vaudrait mieux 6. tu vivrais 7. elles riraient 8. je plairais 9. nous viendrons 10. on suivrait

Exercise 83

1. Courra-t-elle avec nous? 2. Dirait-il la vérité? 3. Tu devrais écrire à ta mère. 4. D’accord, je lui écrirai (écris) demain. 5. Mon neveu naîtra dans quelques jours. 6. Je boirais du vin, si je ne travaillais pas. 7. Ferez-vous la vaisselle? (Laverez-vous la vaisselle?) 8. Combien de temps vivront-ils en Italie? 9. Ils/Elles pourraient rester plus longtemps, si leur visa était valable. 10. J’aimerais (Je voudrais) rester trois mois.

Exercise 84

1. je pensais (je réfléchissais) 2. elle voyageait 3. tu t’appelais... 4. Ils/Elles se levaient toujours à sept heures. 5. Il disait toujours qu’il était heureux (content). 6. Il faisait beau. 7. Nous nous connaissions très bien. 8. Elle mourait de faim. 9. Vous étiez en train de finir (terminer) votre travail. 10. Il pleuvait tous les jours. 11. Nous devions (avons dû) partir tôt. 12. Ils/Elles pouvaient se téléphoner (s’appeler) souvent.

Exercise 85

1. sortait 2. allait 3. venait 4. faisait 5. lavait 6. épluchait 7. raccommodait 8. arrangeait 9. se lavait 10. lisait 11. jouait 12. avait 13. sortait 14. revenait 15. commençait 16. pleuvait 17. faisait 18. craignait 19. sortaient 20. s’en allaient 21. convenait 22. se faisaient 23. prenait 24. satisfaisait 25. faisait 26. se promenait

Exercise 86

1. ils ont suivi 2. vous avez cru 3. je suis né(e) 4. nous avons reçu 5. tu as craint 6. elle a vécu 7. vous avez lu 8. je suis allé(e) 9. elles se sont souvenues 10. tu t’es assis(e)

Exercise 87

1. Où as-tu (avez-vous) mis le menu? 2. Ils ont voyagé au Sénégal en mai. 3. Lui et moi, nous nous sommes rencontrés pour la première fois la semaine dernière. 4. Voici la valise qu’elle a laissée devant ma porte. 5. J’ai acheté trois livres que j’ai donnés aux enfants. 6. Quelles leçons a-t-il étudiées? 7. Tes (Vos) sœurs? Je les ai vues au marché. 8. Nous nous sommes réveillé(e)s trop tard pour (y) aller. 9. Combien de fois as-tu (avez-vous) essayé d’appeler (de téléphoner)? 10. Qui est arrivé après moi?

Exercise 88

1. Je veux que tu répètes (que vous répétiez) cela. 2. Il faut qu’ils/elles choisissent. (Il est nécessaire qu’ils/elles choisissent.) 3. Il est temps que nous partions. 4. Il doute que nous finissions (terminions). 5. Elle regrette (Elle est désolée) qu’il y ait un examen aujourd’hui. 6. Il est possible qu’il ait raison. 7. Je crains (J’ai peur) que tu aies (que vous ayez) tort. 8. Il est normal qu’il fasse froid en janvier. 9. Il regrette (Il est désolé) que je vende la maison. 10. Il est important que tu connaisses (que vous connaissiez) Paris. 11. Il faut (Il est nécessaire) que nous fassions les valises. 12. Il est possible qu’elle vienne. 13. Je ne pense pas qu’il change. (Je doute qu’il change.) 14. Il est indispensable que tu t’endormes (vous vous endormiez) tôt.

Exercise 89

1. J’attendrai jusqu’à ce que tu viennes (vous veniez). 2. Il est parti sans qu’elle le sache. 3. Elle l’explique pour que (afin que) nous comprenions. 4. Nous partons bien qu’il (quoiqu’il) pleuve. 5. J’irai pourvu que tu viennes (vous veniez) aussi. 6. Ils travaillent pour que (afin que) leur famille puisse être plus confortable. 7. Tu as (vous avez) quitté l’école quoi que (bien que) tu réussisses (vous réussissiez)?

Exercise 90

1. ait réussi 2. aies oublié 3. se soit souvenu 4. soyez venu(e)(s) 5. ait vu 6. aies craint 7. ne vous soyez pas rasé(s) 8. se soient réveillés 9. ait mangé 10. aient ri 11. aies pu 12. soyons allé(e)s 13. vous soyez reposé(e)(s) 14. aies reconnu 15. ait pris 16. vous soyez retrouvé(e)s 17. ait mis 18. ayons préféré 19. aient appris 20. aient conduit

Exercise 91

1. Je me lave 2. Ils/Elles se sont retrouvé(e)s (se retrouvèrent) 3. Nous nous sommes dépêché(e)s (nous nous dépêchâmes) 4. Réveille-toi! (Réveillez-vous!) 5. Elle se fâche 6. Vous vous êtes regardé(e)s (vous vous regardâtes) 7. nous habillerons-nous 8. Je me souviens 9. Ils/Elles aimeraient se promener (faire une promenade). 10. Il s’est ennuyé (Il s’ennuyait/Il s’ennuya) 11. Ils se marieront 12. Tu te brosses (Vous vous brossez) les dents 13. Nous nous téléphonions (Nous nous appelions) 14. Marcel s’est endormi (s’endormit) 15. Couche-toi (Couchez-vous) 16. Elle s’appelle 17. Ils/Elles se sont amusé(e)s (s’amusèrent) 18. je m’en aille (je parte) 19. Nous nous sommes arrêté(e)s (nous nous arrêtâmes) 20. Je me suis trompé(e)

Exercise 92

1. nous payons 2. nous voyageons 3. vous commencez 4. j’achète 5. je m’ennuie 6. il jette 7. tu t’appelles 8. tu espères 9. nous prononçons 10. je me lève

Exercise 93

1. Ils/Elles espèrent partir (s’en aller). 2. Tu commençais (Vous commenciez) à huit heures. 3. Nous changeons de vêtements. 4. Il neigeait ce matin. 5. Ils/Elles appellent (téléphonent) tous les jours. 6. Je voyageais chaque été. 7. Tu essaies de parler. 8. Elle jette les vieux journaux. 9. Je m’ennuie facilement. 10. Nous célébrerons (allons célébrer) demain.

Exercise 94

1. j’étais arrivée 2. il avait mangé 3. nous avions pris 4. le prof était venu 5. vous aviez couru 6. elles avaient dîné

Exercise 95

1. nous serions descendus 2. elle aurait commencé 3. nous amis auraient fini 4. elle serait devenue 5. vous auriez mangé 6. Tu aurais eu ton diplôme.

Exercise 96

1. he will have arrived 2. we understood (did understand) 3. they (f.) would have read 4. You (f. s.)had left very early. 5. My students had finished the day before yesterday. 6. If we had come, we would have seen that film.

Exercise 97

1. il avait su (avait connu) 2. nous serons arrivé(e)s 3. Napoléon est mort en 1821. 4. Il avait vécu dans cette rue. 5. Quand es-tu tombé(e)? (Quand êtes-vous tombé(e)(s)?) 6. As-tu (Avez-vous) compris cet essai?

Exercise 98

1. We (m. or mixed) were called at one o’clock. 2. French is spoken here. 3. Warm clothing is sold in the fall. (They sell warm clothing in the fall.) 4. The president is always accompanied by his bodyguards. 5. The historical essays will be written by the members of this class. 6. If it were sunny, would tomatoes be grown here? 7. The images (pictures) were reproduced in all the newspapers. 8. Comics are read a lot at our house (in our country). 9. Those candidates were refused (turned down) by the voters. 10. The door was closed (shut) every day at seven o’clock.

Exercise 99

1. Ce livre est lu très souvent. 2. Elle sera choisie (élue). 3. Nous avons été suivi(e)s. (Nous fûmes suivi[e]s.) 4. Le professeur a été appelé à trois heures. (Le professeur fut appelé à trois heures.) 5. Cette classe (Ce cours) serait enseigné(e) par un assistant. 6. La paix a été déclarée en 1918. (La paix fut déclarée en 1918.) 7. Ces fleurs sont étudiées par les biologistes. 8. Cette maison était entourée d’arbres. 9. Ces revues seront publiées (vont être publiées) demain. 10. Mes vêtements ont été faits en France. (Mes vêtements furent faits en France.)

Exercise 100

1. passez-vous 2. Je lis; j’écris 3. je vais 4. j’étudiais; j’allais 5. j’allais 6. j’ai gardé 7. Je suppose; cela provient; je suis arrivée; j’étais 8. Je n’avais pas 9. j’allais 10. j’en suis devenue 11. c’était 12. je ne connaissais 13. j’essayais 14. je vais 15. Le Kinépolis est; je ne conduis pas 16. il existe 17. C’est; fonctionnant; cela donne

Exercise 101

1. They followed 2. were painted 3. floated 4. before arriving 5. one saw 6. ushered (made enter) 7. He opened 8. pulled (out) 9. handed (offered) 10. invited him to cover himself (his face) with it 11. asked if that was good for anything 12. answered 13. gave the others confidence (made the others more confident) 14. It’s not that 15. I always thought I was 16. I had nothing to do with you 17. I have seen what I have seen. I know that I am from here, whether I want to be or not 18. concerns us all (we are all involved) 19. No one answered 20. seemed to get impatient 21. You know it (all too) well 22. what would you be doing 23. So, have you chosen and given up 24. still did not answer 25. lasted a long time 26. until they were getting near (approaching) 27. asked his final question 28. turned toward him 29. He raised himself 30. Pardon me 31. he said 32. I don’t know it 33. Stay with us since that’s what you want (you want it)

Index of Verbs

Please note that index links point to page beginnings from the print edition. Locations are approximate in e-readers, and you may need to page down one or more times after clicking a link to get to the indexed material.

The number after each verb indicates the section in which that verb, or a similarly conjugated verb, will be found.

The abbreviation reg. indicates that the verb is regular. Regular -er, -ir, and -re verbs are presented in Part 1, Sections 1-17.

An asterisk (*) indicates that the verb is conjugated with être.

French-English

A

aboyer (to bark), 22

accepter (to accept), reg.

accompagner (to accompany), reg.

accomplir (to accomplish), reg.

acheter (to buy), 20

achever (to finish, complete), 20

admirer (to admire), reg.

adorer (to adore, worship), reg.

adopter (to adopt), reg.

aider (to help, aid), reg.

aimer (to love; to like), reg.

ajouter (to add), reg.

*aller (to go), 30

*s’en aller (to leave, go away), 17, 30

amener (to bring [a person]), 20

*s’amuser (to enjoy oneself), reg., 17

annoncer (to announce), 18

apercevoir (to notice, catch sight of), 30

*s’apercevoir (to realize), 17, 30

apparaître (to appear), 31

appartenir (to belong), 30, 38

appeler (to call), 23

*s’appeler (to be named, called), 17, 23

apporter (to bring), reg.

apprendre (to learn), 29

*s’approcher (to approach, come closer), reg., 17

appuyer (to lean; to bear, support), 22

arranger (to arrange), 19

*s’arrêter (to stop), reg., 17

*arriver (to arrive), reg.

*s’asseoir (to sit [down]), 17, 40

attendre (to wait), reg.

avancer (to advance), 18

avoir (to have), 10, 24

B

*se baigner (to take a bath; to go swimming), reg., 17

baisser (to lower), reg.

*se baisser (to bend down), reg., 17

bâtir (to build), reg.

battre (to beat), 33

*se battre (to fight), 17, 33

blesser (to wound, injure), reg.

*se blesser (to injure oneself), reg., 17

boire (to drink), 33

bouger (to move), 19

brosser (to brush), reg.

*se brosser (les cheveux) (to brush [one’s hair]), reg., 17

brûler (to burn), reg.

C

cacher (to hide), reg.

casser (to break), reg.

*se casser (to break [a limb]), reg., 17

céder (to yield), 21

célébrer (to celebrate), 21

changer (to change), 19

chanter (to sing), reg.

charger (to load), 19

chasser (to hunt; to chase away), reg.

chauffer (to heat [up]), reg.

chercher (to seek, look for), reg.

choisir (to choose), reg.

coller (to paste, stick), reg.

combattre (to fight, combat), 33

commander (to command, order), reg.

commencer (to begin, start), 18

commettre (to commit), 31

compléter (to complete), 21

comprendre (to understand), 29

compter (to count), reg.

concerner (to concern, involve), reg.

conduire (to drive; to lead), 33

connaître (to know, be acquainted with), 31

consentir (to consent, agree), reg.

considérer (to consider), 21

construire (to construct, build), 33

contenir (to contain), 38

continuer (to continue), reg.

contrôler (to check [out]; to control), reg.

convaincre (to convince), 38

convenir (to be fitting, suitable), 30, 38

corriger (to correct), 19

*se coucher (to go to bed; to lie down), reg., 17

couler (to flow), reg.

couper (to cut), reg.

courir (to run), 34

coûter (to cost), reg.

couvrir (to cover), 29

craindre (to fear, be afraid of), 34

créer (to create), reg.

crier (to shout, cry out), reg.

croire (to believe), 34

cultiver (to cultivate; to grow), reg.

D

danser (to dance), reg.

déchirer (to tear, rip), reg.

décider (to decide), reg.

déclarer (to declare, state), reg.

découvrir (to discover; to uncover), 29

défendre (to defend; to forbid), reg.

déjeuner (to have lunch), reg.

demander (to ask), reg.

demeurer (to remain, stay), reg.

*se dépêcher (to hurry), reg., 17

dépenser (to spend), reg.

déplaire (to displease), 37

* descendre (to go down; to exit [a vehicle]), reg.

*se déshabiller (to undress), reg., 17

désirer (to desire, to want), reg.

désoler (to sadden, depress), reg.

dessiner (to draw), reg.

*se détendre (to relax), reg., 17

* devenir (to become), 30, 38

devoir (to owe; to have to, be obliged to), 35

dîner (to dine, have dinner), reg.

dire (to say), 35

diriger (to direct), 19

disparaître (to disappear), 31

donner (to give), reg.

dormir (to sleep), 29

douter (to doubt), reg.

durer (to last), reg.

E

échanger (to exchange), 19

éclaircir (to illuminate, enlighten), reg.

écouter (to listen to), reg.

écrire (to write), 35

élever (to erect; to raise [a child]), 20

embaucher (to hire), reg.

emmener (to lead away), 20

empêcher (to prevent), reg.

employer (to employ, use), 22

emporter (to take away, carry off), reg.

*s’endormir (to go to sleep, fall asleep), 17, 29

enlever (to remove, take off), 20

ennuyer (to annoy; to bore), 22

*s’ennuyer (to get bored), 17, 22

enseigner (to teach), reg.

entendre (to hear), reg.

enterrer (to bury), reg.

entourer (to surround), reg.

* entrer (to enter), reg.

envelopper (to wrap up), reg.

envoyer (to send), 22

épeler (to spell), 23

éplucher (to peel [vegetables]), reg.

espérer (to hope), 21

essayer (to try), 22

essuyer (to wipe), 22

éteindre (to extinguish [fire]; to turn out [lights, etc.]), 34

être (to be), 10, 24

étudier (to study), reg.

exagérer (to exaggerate), 21

excuser (to excuse), reg.

exister (to exist), reg.

expliquer (to explain), reg.

F

*se fâcher (to get angry), reg., 17

faire (to do, make), 31

falloir (il faut) (to have to, be necessary), 32

fermer (to close), reg.

finir (to finish), reg.

flotter (to float), reg.

fonctionner (to function; to work [machine]), reg.

forcer (to force), 18

forger (to forge), 19

frapper (to strike, hit), reg.

fréquenter (to frequent, go to), reg.

fumer (to smoke), reg.

G

gagner (to earn, win), reg.

garder (to keep), reg.

geler (to freeze), 20

guérir (to cure; to get well), reg.

H

*s’habiller (to get dressed), reg., 17

habiter (to live, dwell), reg.

I

* s’impatienter (to get impatient), reg., 17

inquiéter (to worry [someone]), 21

*s’inquiéter (to get worried, worry), 17, 21

intéresser (to interest), reg.

interroger (to interrogate, question), 19

inventer (to invent), reg.

inviter (to invite), reg.

J

jeter (to throw [away]), 23

jouer (to play), reg.

juger (to judge), 19

L

laisser (to let; to leave), reg.

lancer (to throw, launch), 18

laver (to wash), reg.

*se laver (to wash oneself), reg., 17

lever (to raise, lift), 20

*se lever (to get up), 17, 20

lire (to read), 36

loger (to live [somewhere]; to house), 19

M

manger (to eat), 19

manquer (to miss, be lacking; to fail), reg.

*se marier (to marry, get married), reg., 17

menacer (to threaten), 18

mener (to lead, guide), 20

mentir (to lie, tell a falsehood), 29

mesurer (to measure), reg.

mettre (to put, place), 31

*se mettre à (to begin, start), 17, 31

*monter (to climb [up, in], go up), reg.

montrer (to show), reg.

* mourir (to die), 36

N

nager (to swim), 19

* naître (to be born), 36

neiger (il neige) (to snow), 19, 32

nettoyer (to clean), 22

O

obéir (to obey), reg.

obtenir (to get, obtain), 30, 38

occuper (to occupy), reg.

*s’occuper (de) (to take care of), reg., 17

offrir (to offer), 29

oublier (to forget), reg.

ouvrir (to open), 29

P

paraître (to seem), 31

pardonner (to pardon, forgive), reg.

parler (to speak, talk), reg.

partager (to share), 19

* partir (to leave, depart), 29

passer (to pass; to spend [time]), reg.

*se passer (to pass, go by [time]), reg., 17

payer (to pay), 22

pêcher (to fish), reg.

peindre (to paint), 34

penser (to think), reg.

percer (to pierce), 18

perdre (to lose), reg.

permettre (to allow, permit), 31

perturber (to disturb, perturb), reg.

peser (to weigh), 20

placer (to place), 18

plaindre (to pity), 34

*se plaindre (to complain, lament), 17, 34

plaire (to please), 37

pleurer (to cry, weep), reg.

pleuvoir (il pleut) (to rain), 32

plier (to fold), reg.

porter (to carry; to wear), reg.

poser (to put, set down; to ask [a question]), reg.

posséder (to possess, own), 21

poursuivre (to pursue), 38

pouvoir (to be able, can), 28

préférer (to prefer), 21

prendre (to take), 29

*se presser (to hurry), reg., 17

prétendre (to claim), reg.

prêter (to lend), reg.

prévoir (to foresee, anticipate), 30

prier (to ask [to], beg; to pray), reg.

produire (to produce), 33

projeter (to project; to plan), 23

promener (to walk [a dog]), 20

*se promener (to take a walk), 17, 20

promettre (to promise), 31

prononcer (to pronounce), 18

*provenir de (to come, derive from), 30, 38

publier (to publish), reg.

punir (to punish), reg.

Q

quitter (to leave [something or someone]), reg.

R

raccommoder (to mend [clothing]), reg.

raconter (to tell, relate), reg.

ramasser (to pick up), reg.

ranger (to put away, tidy up), 19

rappeler (to remind, recall), 23

*se rappeler (to remember), 17, 23

*se raser (to shave), reg., 17

recevoir (to receive), 37

recommencer (to begin again), 18

reconnaître (to recognize), 31

recouvrir (to cover [again]), 29

réduire (to reduce), 33

réfléchir (to think, reflect), reg.

refuser (to refuse), reg.

regarder (to look at), reg.

regretter (to regret), reg.

remarquer (to notice), reg.

remettre (to put back; to postpone), 31

* remonter (to come back up, rise up), reg.

remplacer (to replace), 18

remplir (to fill; to fulfill), reg.

remporter (to carry off; to win), reg.

remuer (to move, stir), reg.

rencontrer (to meet), reg.

rendre (to give back), reg.

renoncer (to give up, renounce), 18

renouveler (to renew; to renovate), 23

*rentrer (to go [back] home), reg.

réparer (to repair), reg.

répéter (to repeat), 21

répondre (to answer), reg.

*se reposer (to rest), reg., 17

reprendre (to take back; to continue), 29

reproduire (to reproduce), 33

respirer (to breathe), reg.

ressembler à (to look like, resemble), reg.

*rester (to remain, stay), reg.

retenir (to retain), 30, 38

* retourner (to return), reg.

retrouver (to meet; to find again), reg.

réussir (to succeed), reg.

*se réveiller (to wake up), reg., 17

*revenir (to return, come back), 30, 38

rêver (to dream), reg.

revoir (to see again), 30

rire (to laugh), 37

rouler (to roll; to drive), reg.

S

satisfaire (to satisfy), 31

sauter (to jump), reg.

sauver (to save), reg.

savoir (to know [a fact]), 28

sécher (to dry), 21

sentir (to feel), 29

serrer (to tighten), reg.

servir (to serve), 29

signer (to sign), reg.

soigner (to care for, take care of), reg.

songer (to dream; to think of), 19

sonner (to ring, sound), reg.

*sortir (to go out), 29

souffrir (to suffer), 29

*se soulever (to raise [oneself] up), 17, 20

sourire (to smile), 37

*se souvenir de (to remember), 17, 30, 38

suggérer (to suggest), 21

suivre (to follow), 38

supposer (to suppose), reg.

surprendre (to surprise), 29

T

*se taire (to be silent, quiet), 17, 37

tapisser (to upholster; to line), reg.

téléphoner (to call, telephone), reg.

tendre (to stretch [out]), reg.

tenir (to hold), 30, 38

terminer (to finish; to terminate), reg.

tirer (to pull; to shoot), reg.

*tomber (to fall [down]), reg.

toucher (to touch), reg.

*se tourner (to turn [around]), reg., 17

tousser (to cough), reg.

traduire (to translate), 33

travailler (to work), reg.

traverser (to cross, traverse), reg.

triompher (to win, triumph), reg.

*se tromper (to make a mistake, be wrong), reg., 17

trouver (to find), reg.

*se trouver (to be [present]; to find [oneself]), reg., 17

tuer (to kill), reg.

V

vaincre (to conquer), 38

valoir (il vaut mieux) (to be worth; to be better), 39

vendre (to sell), reg.

*venir (to come), 30, 38

vivre (to live), 39

voir (to see), 30

voler (to steal; to fly), reg.

vouloir (to want to), 28

voyager (to travel), 19

English-French

A

accept (accepter, reg.)

accompany (accompagner, reg.)

accomplish (accomplir, reg.)

add (ajouter, reg.)

admire (admirer, reg.)

adopt (adopter, reg.)

adore (adorer, reg.)

advance (avancer, 18)

agree (consentir, reg.)

aid (aider, reg.)

allow (permettre, 31)

announce (annoncer, 18)

annoy (ennuyer, 22)

answer (répondre, reg.)

anticipate (prévoir, 30)

appear (apparaître, 31)

approach (*s’approcher, reg., 17)

arrange (arranger, 19)

arrive (*arriver, reg.)

ask (demander, reg.)

ask (a question) (poser, reg.)

ask (to) (prier, reg.)

B

bark (aboyer, 22)

bathe (*se baigner, reg., 17)

be (être, 10, 24)

be (present) (*se trouver, reg., 17)

be able (pouvoir, 28)

be acquainted with (connaître, 31)

be afraid of (craindre, 34)

be better (valoir [il vaut mieux], 39)

be born (*naître, 36)

be called (*s’appeler, 17, 23)

be fitting (convenir, 30, 38)

be lacking (manquer, reg.)

be named (*s’appeler, 17, 23)

be necessary (falloir [il faut], 32)

be obliged to (devoir, 35)

be quiet, silent (*se taire, 17, 37)

be suitable (convenir, 30, 38)

be worth (valoir, 39)

be wrong (*se tromper, reg., 17)

bear (down) (appuyer, 22)

beat (battre, 33)

become (*devenir, 30, 38)

beg (prier, reg.)

begin (commencer, 18)

begin (*se mettre à, 17, 31)

begin again (recommencer, 18)

believe (croire, 34)

belong (appartenir, 30, 38)

bend down (*se baisser, reg., 17)

bore (ennuyer, 22)

break (casser, reg.)

break (a limb) (*se casser, reg., 17)

breathe (respirer, reg.)

bring (a person) (amener, 20)

bring (an object) (apporter, reg.)

brush (brosser, reg.)

brush (one’s hair) (*se brosser [les cheveux], reg., 17)

build (bâtir, reg.)

build (construire, 33)

burn (brûler, reg.)

bury (enterrer, reg.)

buy (acheter, 20)

C

call (appeler, 23)

call (téléphoner, reg.)

can (pouvoir, 28)

care for (soigner, reg.)

carry (porter, reg.)

carry off (emporter, reg.)

carry off (remporter, reg.)

catch sight of (apercevoir, 30)

celebrate (célébrer, 21)

change (changer, 19)

chase away (chasser, reg.)

check (out) (contrôler, reg.)

choose (choisir, reg.)

claim (prétendre, reg.)

clean (nettoyer, 22)

climb (up, in) (*monter, reg.)

close (fermer, reg.)

combat (combattre, 33)

come (*venir, 30, 38)

come back home (*revenir, 30, 38)

come back up (*remonter, reg.)

come closer (*s’approcher, reg., 17)

come from (*provenir de, 30, 38)

command (commander, reg.)

commit (commettre, 31)

complain (*se plaindre, 17, 34)

complete (achever, 20)

complete (compléter, 21)

concern (concerner, reg.)

conquer (vaincre, 38)

consent (consentir, reg.)

consider (considérer, 21)

construct (construire, 33)

contain (contenir, 30, 38)

continue (continuer, reg.)

continue (reprendre, 29)

control (contrôler, reg.)

convince (convaincre, 38)

correct (corriger, 19)

cost (coûter, reg.)

cough (tousser, reg.)

count (compter, reg.)

cover (couvrir, 29)

cover (again) (recouvrir, 29)

create (créer, reg.)

cross (traverser, reg.)

cry (pleurer, reg.)

cry out (crier, reg.)

cultivate (cultiver, reg.)

cure (guérir, reg.)

cut (couper, reg.)

D

dance (danser, reg.)

decide (décider, reg.)

declare (déclarer, reg.)

defend (défendre, reg.)

depart (*partir, 29)

depress (désoler, reg.)

derive (*provenir [de], 30, 38)

desire (désirer, reg.)

die (*mourir, 36)

dine (dîner, reg.)

direct (diriger, 19)

disappear (disparaître, 31)

discover (découvrir, 29)

displease (déplaire, 37)

disturb (perturber, reg.)

do (faire, 31)

doubt (douter, reg.)

draw (dessiner, reg.)

dream (rêver, reg.)

dream (songer, 19)

drink (boire, 33)

drive (conduire, 33)

drive (rouler, reg.)

dry (sécher, 21)

dwell (habiter, reg.)

E

earn (gagner, reg.)

eat (manger, 19)

employ (employer, 22)

enjoy oneself (*s’amuser, reg., 17)

enlighten (éclaircir, reg.)

enter (*entrer, reg.)

erect (élever, 20)

exaggerate (exagérer, 21)

exchange (échanger, 19)

excuse (excuser, reg.)

exist (exister, reg.)

exit (a vehicle) (*descendre, reg.)

explain (expliquer, reg.)

extinguish (light, fire) (éteindre, 34)

F

fail (manquer, reg.)

fall (down) (*tomber, reg.)

fall asleep (*s’endormir, 17, 29)

fear (craindre, 34)

feel (sentir, 29)

fight (*se battre, 17, 33)

fight (combattre, 33)

fill (remplir, reg.)

find (trouver, reg.)

find (oneself) (*se trouver, reg., 17)

find again (retrouver, reg.)

finish (achever, 20)

finish (finir, reg.)

finish (terminer, reg.)

fish (pêcher, reg.)

float (flotter, reg.)

flow (couler, reg.)

fly (voler, reg.)

fold (plier, reg.)

follow (suivre, 38)

forbid (défendre, reg.)

force (forcer, 18)

foresee (prévoir, 30)

forge (forger, 19)

forget (oublier, reg.)

freeze (geler, 20)

frequent (fréquenter, reg.)

fulfill (remplir, reg.)

function (fonctionner, reg.)

G

get (obtenir, 30, 38)

get angry (*se fâcher, reg., 17)

get bored (*s’ennuyer, 17, 22)

get dressed (*s’habiller, reg., 17)

get impatient (*s’impatienter, reg., 17)

get married (*se marier, reg., 17)

get up (*se lever, 17, 20)

get well (guérir, reg.)

get worried (* s’inquiéter, 17, 21)

give (donner, reg.)

give back (rendre, reg.)

give up (renoncer, 18)

go (*aller, 30)

go away (*s’en aller, 17, 30)

go (back) home (*rentrer, reg.)

go by (time) (*se passer, reg., 17)

go down (*descendre, reg.)

go out (*sortir, 29)

go swimming (*se baigner, reg., 17)

go to (fréquenter, reg.)

go to bed (*se coucher, reg., 17)

go to sleep (*s’endormir, 17, 29)

go up (*monter, reg.)

grow (cultiver, reg.)

guide (mener, 20)

H

have (avoir, 10, 24)

have dinner (dîner, reg.)

have lunch (déjeuner, reg.)

have to (devoir, 35)

have to (falloir [il faut], 32)

hear (entendre, reg.)

heat (up) (chauffer, reg.)

help (aider, reg.)

hide (cacher, reg.)

hire (embaucher, reg.)

hit (frapper, reg.)

hold (tenir, 30, 38)

hope (espérer, 21)

house (loger, 19)

hunt (chasser, reg.)

hurry (*se dépêcher, reg., 17)

hurry (*se presser, reg., 17)

I

illuminate (éclaircir, reg.)

injure (blesser, reg.)

injure oneself (*se blesser, reg., 17)

interest (intéresser, reg.)

interrogate (interroger, 19)

invent (inventer, reg.)

invite (inviter, reg.)

involve (concerner, reg.)

J

judge (juger, 19)

jump (sauter, reg.)

K

keep (garder, reg.)

kill (tuer, reg.)

know (connaître, 31)

know (a fact) (savoir, 28)

L

lament (*se plaindre, 17, 34)

last (durer, reg.)

laugh (rire, 37)

launch (lancer, 18)

lead (conduire, 33)

lead (mener, 20)

lead away (emmener, 20)

lean (appuyer, 22)

learn (apprendre, 29)

leave (*s’en aller, 17, 30)

leave (something or someone) (laisser, reg.)

leave (*partir, 29)

leave (quitter, reg.)

lend (prêter, reg.)

let (laisser, reg.)

lie (mentir, 29)

lie down (*se coucher, reg., 17)

lift (lever, 20)

like (aimer, reg.)

line (walls) (tapisser, reg.)

listen to (écouter, reg.)

live (habiter, reg.)

live (life) (vivre, 39)

live (somewhere) (loger, 19)

load (charger, 19)

look at (regarder, reg.)

look for (chercher, reg.)

look like (ressembler, reg.)

lose (perdre, reg.)

love (aimer, reg.)

lower (baisser, reg.)

M

make (faire, 31)

make a mistake (*se tromper, reg., 17)

marry (*se marier, reg., 17)

measure (mesurer, reg.)

meet (rencontrer, reg.)

meet (retrouver, reg.)

mend (clothing) (raccommoder, reg.)

miss (manquer, reg.)

move (bouger, 19)

move (remuer, reg.)

N

notice (apercevoir, 30)

notice (remarquer, reg.)

O

obey (obéir, reg.)

obtain (obtenir, 30, 38)

occupy (occuper, reg.)

offer (offrir, 29)

open (ouvrir, 29)

order (commander, reg.)

owe (devoir, 35)

own (posséder, 21)

P

paint (peindre, 34)

pardon (pardonner, reg.)

pass (by) (passer [sometimes with être], reg.)

pass (time) (passer, reg.; *se passer, reg., 17)

paste (coller, reg.)

pay (payer, 22)

peel (vegetables) (éplucher, reg.)

permit (permettre, 31)

perturb (perturber, reg.)

pick up (ramasser, reg.)

pierce (percer, 18)

pity (plaindre, 34)

place (mettre, 31)

place (placer, 18)

play (jouer, reg.)

please (plaire, 37)

possess (posséder, 21)

postpone (remettre, 31)

pray (prier, reg.)

prefer (préférer, 21)

prevent (empêcher, reg.)

produce (produire, 33)

project (projeter, 23)

promise (promettre, 31)

pronounce (prononcer, 18)

publish (publier, reg.)

punish (punir, reg.)

pursue (poursuivre, 38)

put (mettre, 31)

put (poser, reg.)

put away (ranger, 19)

put back (remettre, 31)

Q

question (interroger, 19) R

R

rain (pleuvoir [il pleut], 32)

raise (lever, 20)

raise (a child) (élever, 20)

raise (oneself) up (*se soulever, 17, 20)

read (lire, 36)

realize (*s’apercevoir, 17, 30)

recall (rappeler, 23)

receive (recevoir, 37)

recognize (reconnaître, 31)

reduce (réduire, 33)

reflect (think) (réfléchir, reg.)

refuse (refuser, reg.)

regret (regretter, reg.)

relate (raconter, reg.)

relax (*se détendre, reg., 17)

remain (demeurer, reg.)

remain (*rester, reg.)

remember (*se rappeler, 17, 23)

remember (*se souvenir de, 17, 30, 38)

remind (rappeler, 23)

remove (enlever, 20)

renew (renouveler, 23)

renounce (renoncer, 18)

renovate (renouveler, 23)

repair (réparer, reg.)

repeat (répéter, 21)

replace (remplacer, 18)

reproduce (reproduire, 33)

resemble (ressembler à, reg.)

rest (*se reposer, reg., 17)

retain (retenir, 30, 38)

return (*retourner, reg.)

return (*revenir, 30, 38)

ring (sonner, reg.)

rip (déchirer, reg.)

rise up (*remonter, reg.)

roll (rouler, reg.)

run (courir, 34)

S

sadden (désoler, reg.)

satisfy (satisfaire, 31)

save (sauver, reg.)

say (dire, 35)

see (voir, 30)

see again (revoir, 30)

seek (chercher, reg.)

seem (paraître, 31)

sell (vendre, reg.)

send (envoyer, 22)

serve (servir, 29)

set down (poser, reg.)

share (partager, 19)

shave (oneself) (*se raser, reg., 17)

shoot (tirer, reg.)

shout (crier, reg.)

show (montrer, reg.)

sign (signer, reg.)

sing (chanter, reg.)

sit (down) (*s’asseoir, 17, 40)

sleep (dormir, 29)

smile (sourire, 37)

smoke (fumer, reg.)

snow (neiger [il neige], 19, 32)

sound (sonner, reg.)

speak (parler, reg.)

spell (épeler, 23)

spend (dépenser, reg.)

start (commencer, 18)

start (*se mettre à, 17, 31)

state (déclarer, reg.)

stay (demeurer, reg.)

stay (*rester, reg.)

steal (voler, reg.)

stick (coller, reg.)

stop (*s’arrêter, reg., 17)

stretch (out) (tendre, reg.)

strike (frapper, reg.)

study (étudier, reg.)

stir (remuer, reg.)

succeed (réussir, reg.)

suffer (souffrir, 29)

suggest (suggérer, 21)

support (appuyer, 22)

suppose (supposer, reg.)

surprise (surprendre, 29)

surround (entourer, reg.)

swim (nager, 19)

T

take (prendre, 29)

take a bath (*se baigner, reg., 17)

take a walk (*se promener, 17, 20)

take away (emporter, reg.)

take back (reprendre, 29)

take care of (soigner, reg.)

take off (enlever, 20)

talk (parler, reg.)

teach (enseigner, reg.)

tear (déchirer, reg.)

telephone (téléphoner, reg.)

tell (dire, 35)

tell (raconter, reg.)

tell a falsehood (mentir, 29)

terminate (terminer, reg.)

think (penser, reg.)

think (réfléchir, reg.)

think of (songer, 19)

threaten (menacer, 18)

throw (lancer, 18)

throw (away) (jeter, 23)

tighten (serrer, reg.)

touch (toucher, reg.)

translate (traduire, 33)

travel (voyager, 19)

traverse (traverser, reg.)

triumph (triompher, reg.)

try (essayer, 22)

turn (oneself) around (*se tourner, reg., 17)

U

uncover (découvrir, 29)

understand (comprendre, 29)

undress (oneself) (*se déshabiller, reg., 17)

upholster (tapisser, reg.)

use (employer, 22)

W

wait (attendre, reg.)

wake up (*se réveiller, reg., 17)

walk (a dog) (promener, 20)

walk, take a (*se promener, 17, 20)

want (désirer, reg.)

want to (vouloir, 28)

wash (laver, reg.)

wash oneself (*se laver, reg., 17)

wear (porter, reg.)

weep (pleurer, reg.)

weigh (peser, 20)

win (gagner, reg.)

win (remporter, reg.)

win (triompher, reg.)

wipe (essuyer, 22)

work (travailler, reg.)

work (machine) (fonctionner, reg.)

worry (* s’inquiéter, 17, 21)

worry (someone) (inquiéter, 21)

worship (adorer, reg.)

wound (blesser, reg.)

wrap up (envelopper, reg.)

write (écrire, 35)

Y

yield (céder, 21)